About: Global Economic Cost of Deaths Attributable to Ambient Air Pollution: Disproportionate Burden on the Ageing Population

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type	Academic Article research paper schema:ScholarlyArticle
isDefinedBy	Covid-on-the-Web dataset
has title	Global Economic Cost of Deaths Attributable to Ambient Air Pollution: Disproportionate Burden on the Ageing Population
Creator	Zhang, Ning Chen, Bin Zhang, Qiang Gong, Peng Chen, Kai Cai, Wenjia Brauer, Michael Cohen, Aaron Kan, Haidong Deng, Zhu Liu, Zhu Yin, Hao Burnett, Chen, Zhanming Coffman, D', Maris Guan, Dabo Howard, Courtney Joachim, Hans Kammen, Daniel Mi, Zhifu Schellnhuber, Stå Le Navrud, Wei, Yiming Zhang, Jim
Source	MedRxiv
abstract	Summary Background The health impacts of ambient air pollution impose large costs on society. While all people are exposed to air pollution, older individuals tend to be disproportionally affected. As a result, there is growing concern about the public health impacts of air pollution as many countries undergo rapid population ageing. We investigated the spatial and temporal variation in the health economic cost of deaths attributable to ambient air pollution, and its interaction with population ageing from 2000 to 2016 at global and regional levels. Methods We developed an age-adjusted measure of the value of a statistical life year (VSLY) to estimate the health economic cost attributable to ambient PM2.5 pollution using the Global Burden of Disease 2017 data and country-level socioeconomic information. First, we estimated the global age- and cause-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLL) attributable to PM2.5 pollution using the global exposure mortality model (GEMM) and global estimates of exposure derived from ground monitoring, satellite retrievals and chemical transport model simulations at 0.1 by 0.1 degree (~11 km at the equator) resolution. Second, for each year between 2000 and 2016, we translated the YLL within each age-group into a health-related economic cost using a country-specific, age-adjusted measure of VSLY. Third, we decomposed the major driving factors that contributed to the temporal change in health costs related to PM2.5. Finally, we conducted a sensitivity test to analyze the variability of the estimated health costs to four alternative valuation measures. We identified the uncertainty intervals (UIs) from 1000 draws of the parameters and exposure-response functions by age, cause, country and year. All economic values are reported in 2011 purchasing-power-parity-adjusted US dollars. Findings Globally, 8.42 million (95% UI: 6.50, 10.52) deaths and 163.68 million (116.03, 219.44) YLL were attributable to ambient PM2.5 in 2016. The average attributable mortality for the older population was 12 times higher than for those younger than 60 years old. In 2016, the global health economic cost of ambient PM2.5 pollution for the older population was US$2.40 trillion (1.89, 2.93) accounting for 59% of the cost for the total population. The health cost for the older population alone was equivalent to 2.1% (1.7%, 2.6%) of global gross domestic product (GDP) in 2016. While the economic cost per capita for the older population was US$2739 (2160, 3345) in 2016, the cost per capita for the younger population was only US$268 (205, 335). From 2000 to 2016, the annual global health economic cost for the total population increased from US$2.37 trillion (1.88, 2.87) to US$4.09 trillion (3.19, 5.05). Decomposing the factors that contributed to the rise in health economic costs, we found that increases in GDP per capita, population ageing, population growth, age-specific mortality reduction, and PM2.5 exposure changed the total health economic cost by 77%, 21.2%, 15.6%, -41.1% and -0.2%, respectively. Compared to using an age-invariant VSLY or an age-invariant value of a statistical life (VSL), the estimates of the older population share of the total health economic cost using an age-adjusted VSLY was 2 and 18 percentage points lower, respectively. Interpretation The health economic cost borne by the older population almost doubled between 2000 and 2016, driven primarily by GDP growth, population ageing and population growth. Compared to younger individuals, air pollution leads to disproportionately higher health costs amongst the older population, even after accounting for their relatively shorter remaining life expectancy and increased disability. The age-specific estimates of health economic cost inform the optimal design of air pollution reduction strategies and allocation of healthcare resources. The positive relationship between age and economic costs suggests that countries with severe air pollution and rapid aging rates would particularly benefit from improving their air quality. In addition, strategies aimed at enhancing healthcare services, especially for the older population, may be beneficial for reducing the costs of ambient air pollution.
has issue date	2020-05-05(xsd:dateTime)
bibo:doi	10.1101/2020.04.28.20083576
has license	medrxiv
sha1sum (hex)	27f2f03b9712072811d154646c745fd6940be951
schema:url	https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.28.20083576
resource representing a document's title	Global Economic Cost of Deaths Attributable to Ambient Air Pollution: Disproportionate Burden on the Ageing Population
resource representing a document's body	covid:27f2f03b9712072811d154646c745fd6940be951#body_text
is schema:about of	named entity 'PM2.5' named entity 'GDP per capita' named entity 'income elasticity' named entity 'medRxiv' named entity 'Oceania' named entity 'PM2.5' named entity 'PM2.5' named entity 'pollution control' named entity 'population growth' named entity 'GWR' named entity 'local regression' named entity 'economic cost' named entity 'economic cost' named entity 'risk reduction' named entity 'economic cost' named entity 'GDP per capita' named entity 'older people' named entity 'World Health Organization' named entity 'economic costs' named entity 'South Asia' named entity 'World Health Organization' named entity 'Latin America' named entity 'PM2.5' named entity 'age-adjusted' named entity 'air pollution' named entity 'economic cost' named entity 'economic costs' named entity 'life expectancy' named entity 'PM2.5' named entity 'PM2.5' named entity 'air pollution' named entity 'Southeast Asia' named entity 'PM2.5' named entity 'IHD' named entity 'cohort studies' named entity 'data analysis' named entity 'economic benefits' named entity 'GDP per capita' named entity 'PM2.5' named entity 'economic cost' named entity 'economic cost' named entity 'air pollution' named entity 'age-adjusted' named entity 'United States' named entity 'PM2.5' named entity 'economic costs' named entity 'health damage' named entity 'age-adjusted' named entity 'China' named entity 'population ageing' named entity 'economic costs' named entity 'life quality' named entity 'air pollution' named entity 'lung cancer' named entity 'PM2.5' named entity 'life-expectancy' named entity 'Russia' named entity 'GDP' named entity 'age-specific mortality' named entity 'East Asia' named entity '14.5'

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