About: Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Aviation

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type	Academic Article research paper schema:ScholarlyArticle
isDefinedBy	Covid-on-the-Web dataset
has title	Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Aviation
Creator	Lee, D Lim, L Bais, A Berntsen, T Gierens, K Grewe, V Iachetti, D Penner, J Petzold, A Pitari, G Prather, M Sausen, R Schumann, U
Source	Elsevier; Medline; PMC
abstract	Aviation alters the composition of the atmosphere globally and can thus drive climate change and ozone depletion. The last major international assessment of these impacts was made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1999. Here, a comprehensive updated assessment of aviation is provided. Scientific advances since the 1999 assessment have reduced key uncertainties, sharpening the quantitative evaluation, yet the basic conclusions remain the same. The climate impact of aviation is driven by long-term impacts from CO(2) emissions and shorter-term impacts from non-CO(2) emissions and effects, which include the emissions of water vapour, particles and nitrogen oxides (NO(x)). The present-day radiative forcing from aviation (2005) is estimated to be 55 mW m(−2) (excluding cirrus cloud enhancement), which represents some 3.5% (range 1.3–10%, 90% likelihood range) of current anthropogenic forcing, or 78 mW m(−2) including cirrus cloud enhancement, representing 4.9% of current forcing (range 2–14%, 90% likelihood range). According to two SRES-compatible scenarios, future forcings may increase by factors of 3–4 over 2000 levels, in 2050. The effects of aviation emissions of CO(2) on global mean surface temperature last for many hundreds of years (in common with other sources), whilst its non-CO(2) effects on temperature last for decades. Much progress has been made in the last ten years on characterizing emissions, although major uncertainties remain over the nature of particles. Emissions of NO(x) result in production of ozone, a climate warming gas, and the reduction of ambient methane (a cooling effect) although the overall balance is warming, based upon current understanding. These NO(x) emissions from current subsonic aviation do not appear to deplete stratospheric ozone. Despite the progress made on modelling aviation's impacts on tropospheric chemistry, there remains a significant spread in model results. The knowledge of aviation's impacts on cloudiness has also improved: a limited number of studies have demonstrated an increase in cirrus cloud attributable to aviation although the magnitude varies: however, these trend analyses may be impacted by satellite artefacts. The effect of aviation particles on clouds (with and without contrails) may give rise to either a positive forcing or a negative forcing: the modelling and the underlying processes are highly uncertain, although the overall effect of contrails and enhanced cloudiness is considered to be a positive forcing and could be substantial, compared with other effects. The debate over quantification of aviation impacts has also progressed towards studying potential mitigation and the technological and atmospheric tradeoffs. Current studies are still relatively immature and more work is required to determine optimal technological development paths, which is an aspect that atmospheric science has much to contribute. In terms of alternative fuels, liquid hydrogen represents a possibility and may reduce some of aviation's impacts on climate if the fuel is produced in a carbon-neutral way: such fuel is unlikely to be utilized until a ‘hydrogen economy’ develops. The introduction of biofuels as a means of reducing CO(2) impacts represents a future possibility. However, even over and above land-use concerns and greenhouse gas budget issues, aviation fuels require strict adherence to safety standards and thus require extra processing compared with biofuels destined for other sectors, where the uptake of such fuel may be more beneficial in the first instance.
has issue date	2009-06-12(xsd:dateTime)
bibo:doi	10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.06.005
bibo:pmid	32288556
has license	no-cc
sha1sum (hex)	7a31934a646fe1bb3400d2718b13661b999cad56
schema:url	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.06.005
resource representing a document's title	Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Aviation
has PubMed Central identifier	PMC7110594
has PubMed identifier	32288556
schema:publication	Atmos Environ (1994)
resource representing a document's body	covid:7a31934a646fe1bb3400d2718b13661b999cad56#body_text
is schema:about of	covid:arg/7a31934a646fe1bb3400d2718b13661b999cad56 named entity 'radiative forcing' named entity 'stratospheric ozone' named entity 'contrails' named entity 'aviation emissions' named entity 'climate change' named entity 'ozone depletion' named entity 'cirrus cloud' named entity 'particle number' named entity 'particle emission' named entity 'atmospheric chemistry' named entity 'IPCC' named entity 'Schumann' named entity 'local maximum' named entity 'NMHC' named entity 'Schumann' named entity 'traffic emissions' named entity 'ice crystals' named entity 'contrail' named entity 'aerosols' named entity 'fuel consumption' named entity 'aerosol particles' named entity 'commercial airliners' named entity 'International Energy Agency' named entity 'upper troposphere' named entity 'jet engine' named entity 'contrail' named entity 'Radiative' named entity 'sulphate aerosols' named entity 'dashed' named entity 'contrails' named entity 'kerosene' named entity 'SLIMCAT' named entity 'ice water' named entity 'supersonic' named entity 'biofuel' named entity 'emission scenarios' named entity 'air traffic' named entity 'emission reductions' named entity 'aerosols' named entity 'aircraft fuel' named entity 'ECMWF' named entity 'thermal inertia' named entity 'Nicodemus' named entity 'airframe' named entity 'IPCC' named entity 'sulphuric acid' named entity 'GHG' named entity 'ground state' named entity 'Contrail' named entity 'observational studies' named entity 'alternative fuels' named entity 'IPCC' named entity 'biomass' named entity 'Europe' named entity 'contrail' named entity 'IPCC' named entity 'stratospheric' named entity 'Revenue Passenger' named entity 'refractory' named entity 'specific humidity' named entity 'ozone' named entity 'tropics' named entity 'nucleation' named entity 'CH4' named entity 'water vapour' named entity 'Stuber' named entity 'upper troposphere' named entity 'study of climate'

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