About: Human Natural Antibodies to Mammalian Carbohydrate Antigens as Unsung Heroes Protecting against Past, Present, and Future Viral Infections

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About: Human Natural Antibodies to Mammalian Carbohydrate Antigens as Unsung Heroes Protecting against Past, Present, and Future Viral Infections Goto Sponge NotDistinct Permalink

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type	Academic Article research paper schema:ScholarlyArticle
isDefinedBy	Covid-on-the-Web dataset
title	Human Natural Antibodies to Mammalian Carbohydrate Antigens as Unsung Heroes Protecting against Past, Present, and Future Viral Infections
Creator	Galili, Uri
source	Medline; PMC
abstract	Human natural antibodies to mammalian carbohydrate antigens (MCA) bind to carbohydrate-antigens synthesized in other mammalian species and protect against zoonotic virus infections. Three such anti-MCA antibodies are: (1) anti-Gal, also produced in Old-World monkeys and apes, binds to α-gal epitopes synthesized in non-primate mammals, lemurs, and New-World monkeys; (2) anti-Neu5Gc binds to Neu5Gc (N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid) synthesized in apes, Old-World monkeys, and many non-primate mammals; and (3) anti-Forssman binds to Forssman-antigen synthesized in various mammals. Anti-viral protection by anti-MCA antibodies is feasible because carbohydrate chains of virus envelopes are synthesized by host glycosylation machinery and thus are similar to those of their mammalian hosts. Analysis of MCA glycosyltransferase genes suggests that anti-Gal appeared in ancestral Old-World primates following catastrophic selection processes in which parental populations synthesizing α-gal epitopes were eliminated in enveloped virus epidemics. However, few mutated offspring in which the α1,3galactosyltransferase gene was accidentally inactivated produced natural anti-Gal that destroyed viruses presenting α-gal epitopes, thereby preventing extinction of mutated offspring. Similarly, few mutated hominin offspring that ceased to synthesize Neu5Gc produced anti-Neu5Gc, which destroyed viruses presenting Neu5Gc synthesized in parental hominin populations. A present-day example for few humans having mutations that prevent synthesis of a common carbohydrate antigen (produced in >99.99% of humans) is blood-group Bombay individuals with mutations inactivating H-transferase; thus, they cannot synthesize blood-group O (H-antigen) but produce anti-H antibody. Anti-MCA antibodies prevented past extinctions mediated by enveloped virus epidemics, presently protect against zoonotic-viruses, and may protect in future epidemics. Travelers to regions with endemic zoonotic viruses may benefit from vaccinations elevating protective anti-MCA antibody titers.
has issue date	2020-06-22(xsd:dateTime)
bibo:doi	10.3390/antib9020025
bibo:pmid	32580274
has license	cc-by
sha1sum (hex)	b2ba4011a98cd25be4c25c6cb5da164f32b00c39
schema:url	https://doi.org/10.3390/antib9020025
resource representing a document's title	Human Natural Antibodies to Mammalian Carbohydrate Antigens as Unsung Heroes Protecting against Past, Present, and Future Viral Infections
has PubMed Central identifier	PMC7344964
has PubMed identifier	32580274
schema:publication	Antibodies (Basel)
resource representing a document's body	covid:b2ba4011a98cd25be4c25c6cb5da164f32b00c39#body_text
is schema:about of	named entity 'synthesized' named entity 'mammalian species' named entity 'infections' named entity 'Carbohydrate' named entity 'Antibodies' named entity 'ANTIGENS' named entity 'SPECIES' named entity 'BIND' named entity 'Natural' named entity 'antigens' named entity 'antigens' named entity 'mammalian species' named entity 'Antigens' named entity 'RBC' named entity 'antibodies' named entity 'glycoproteins' named entity 'mice' named entity 'antigen' named entity 'SARS-CoV' named entity 'India' named entity 'serum' named entity 'vaccine' named entity 'epitope' named entity 'virions' named entity 'epitopes' named entity 'mice' named entity 'gene' named entity 'viruses' named entity 'Antibodies' named entity 'glycans' named entity 'epitopes' named entity 'Homo-Pan divergence' named entity 'epitopes' named entity 'antigen' named entity 'hydroxyl' named entity 'antigen' named entity 'Glycosyltransferases' named entity 'Vero cells' named entity 'antigens' named entity 'epitopes' named entity 'Neu5Gc' named entity 'Neu5Gc' named entity 'viruses' named entity 'cytolysis' named entity 'epitopes' named entity 'ape' named entity 'embryonated' named entity 'antibodies' named entity 'viruses' named entity 'viral infections' named entity 'phenotype' named entity 'mammalian species' named entity 'host-cell' named entity 'enveloped virus' named entity 'gene' named entity 'sperm whale' named entity 'epitopes' named entity 'carbohydrate' named entity 'in-situ' named entity 'antibody' named entity 'New-World monkeys' named entity 'glycoproteins' named entity 'marsupial' named entity 'cytosine' named entity 'pig' named entity 'VSV' named entity 'allergic reaction' named entity 'inactivating mutations' named entity 'infection rate' named entity 'sea lion' named entity 'zoonotic virus' named entity 'mutation' named entity 'Neu5Gc' named entity 'missense mutations' named entity 'lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus' named entity 'antigen' named entity 'antigen' named entity 'guinea-pig' named entity 'anti-viral' named entity 'Neu5Gc' named entity 'vaccinia virus'

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