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  • Abstract Epidemiological and clinical studies have shown that environmental factors such as infections, smoking and vitamin D are associated with the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS). Some of these factors also play a role in the MS disease course. We are currently beginning to understand how environmental factors may impact immune function in MS on a cellular and molecular level. Here we review epidemiological, clinical and basic immunological studies on the environmental factors, viral and parasitic infections, smoking, and vitamin D and relate epidemiological findings with their likely pathophysiology in MS.
Subject
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Immune system
  • Epidemiology
  • Diseases and disorders
  • Epstein–Barr virus-associated diseases
  • Environmental health
  • Environmental social science
  • Essential nutrients
  • Ailments of unknown cause
  • RTT(full)
  • RTTNEURO
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