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dbr:Energy_independence

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Indipendenza energetica Indépendance énergétique Energy independence

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Energy independence is independence or autarky regarding energy resources, energy supply and/or energy generation by the energy industry. Energy dependence, in general, refers to mankind's general dependence on either primary or secondary energy for energy consumption (fuel, transport, automation, etc.). In a narrower sense, it may describe the dependence of one country on energy resources from another country. — Eurostat Planning and co-ordination in the strive for energy independence are the business of energy policy and energy management. L’indépendance énergétique est la capacité d’un pays à satisfaire de manière « autonome » ses besoins énergétiques. En France, le taux d'indépendance énergétique est le résultat du rapport entre la production nationale d'énergies primaires (charbon, pétrole, gaz naturel, nucléaire, hydraulique, énergies renouvelables) et la consommation en énergie primaire, une année donnée, selon l'Insee. L’électricité nucléaire est considérée comme « primaire » par convention, contrairement à l’électricité produite dans des centrales thermiques. L'indipendenza energetica è il grado di indipendenza di uno stato rispetto alle risorse energetiche che consuma.

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Energy independence is independence or autarky regarding energy resources, energy supply and/or energy generation by the energy industry. Energy dependence, in general, refers to mankind's general dependence on either primary or secondary energy for energy consumption (fuel, transport, automation, etc.). In a narrower sense, it may describe the dependence of one country on energy resources from another country. Energy dependency shows the extent to which an economy relies upon imports in order to meet its energy needs. The indicator is calculated as net imports divided by the sum of plus bunkers. — Eurostat Energy dependence has been identified as one of several factors (energy sources diversification, energy suppliers diversification, energy sources fungibility, energy transport, market liquidity, energy resources, political stability, energy intensity, GDP) negatively contributing to energy security.Generally, a higher level of energy dependence is associated with higher risk, because of the possible interference of trade regulations, international armed conflicts, terrorist attacks, etc. A crucial contribution on the road to energy independence is energy efficiency because efficient use of energy can build on individual efforts in power saving instead of having to rely on costly large-scale infrastructure. Energy independence is being attempted by large or resource-rich and economically-strong countries like the United States, Russia, China and the Near and Middle East, but it is so far an idealized status that at present can be only approximated by non-sustainable exploitation of a country's (non-renewable) natural resources. Another factor in reducing dependence is the addition of renewable energy sources to the energy mix. Usually, a country relies on local and global energy renewable and non-renewable resources, a mixed-model solution that presumes various energy sources and modes of energy transfer between countries like electric power transmission, oil transport (oil and gas pipelines and tankers), etc. The European dependence on Russian energy is a good example because Russia is Europe's main supplier of hard coal, crude oil, and natural gas. Oil wars in and between the Middle East, Russia, and the United States that have made markets unpredictable and volatile are also a great example as to why energy advocates and experts suggest countries invest in energy independence. The international dependence of energy resources exposes countries to vulnerability in every aspect of life — countries rely on energy for food, infrastructure, security, transportation, and more. Planning and co-ordination in the strive for energy independence are the business of energy policy and energy management. L’indépendance énergétique est la capacité d’un pays à satisfaire de manière « autonome » ses besoins énergétiques. En France, le taux d'indépendance énergétique est le résultat du rapport entre la production nationale d'énergies primaires (charbon, pétrole, gaz naturel, nucléaire, hydraulique, énergies renouvelables) et la consommation en énergie primaire, une année donnée, selon l'Insee. L’électricité nucléaire est considérée comme « primaire » par convention, contrairement à l’électricité produite dans des centrales thermiques. Le postulat de classer l'électricité nucléaire comme énergie primaire en lieu et place de l'uranium permet de référencer l'électricité produite par le nucléaire dans la catégorie « indépendance énergétique » car, bien que tout le combustible soit importé, l'état des stocks correspond à des dizaines d'années de consommation française. Source d'importations importantes, de risques régionaux ou planétaires et d'émission de gaz à effet de serre, l'énergie est un enjeu politique, stratégique et économique important pour les gouvernements. La France est nettement importatrice de combustibles fossiles, comme le gaz naturel, le pétrole et le charbon, et de matière fissile (le minerai d'uranium). L'indipendenza energetica è il grado di indipendenza di uno stato rispetto alle risorse energetiche che consuma.

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2016-03-04

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