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dbr:Interdisciplinarity

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Interdisciplinarita Interdisciplinarità Diziplinartekotasun Interdisciplinaridade Interfakeco تداخل التخصصات Tvärvetenskap 学際 Διεπιστημονικότητα 科际整合 학제간 연구 Interdisciplinarity Interdisziplinarität Antardisiplin Interdisciplinariteit Interdyscyplinarność Interdisciplinarietat Interdisciplinarité Interdisciplinariedad

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学際（がくさい、英語：interdisciplinary）とは、研究などがいくつかの異なる学問分野にまたがって関わる様子. La interdisciplinarietat és l'intent de superar les divisions dels diferents camps de la ciència per tenir un apropament global a un problema o camp d'estudi. Es diferencia de la multidisciplinarietat, on experts de diversos camps treballen plegats però mantenint els seus mètodes i particularitats. Alguns dels exemples més recents d'estudis interdisciplinars són la ciència cognitiva, la lluita contra el canvi climàtic o els estudis culturals. Interdyscyplinarność – rodzaj współpracy naukowej, w której naukowcy, stosując typowe dla swoich dyscyplin metody badawcze, starają się doprecyzować wstępnie sformułowany problem. W wyniku działań interdyscyplinarnych powstaje specyficzna nowa wiedza, przedstawiająca podejście odmienne od podejść reprezentowanych przez dziedziny, na których się opiera. Interdyscyplinarne badania naukowe są prowadzone w różnych dziedzinach (przykłady: kognitywistyka, polemologia i wiele innych). Interdisciplinarita je použití přístupů, způsobů myšlení nebo alespoň metod různých v jediném projektu základního nebo aplikovaného výzkumu. Interdisciplinární způsob práce zahrnuje několik nezávislých věd, které svými metodami studují nějakou převážně vědeckou otázku. Je vedlejší zda tyto obory samy využívají interdisciplinární přístupy, nebo zda interdisciplinarita vyplývá pouze z kombinace těchto oborů. A interdisciplinaridade parte da palavra "interdisciplinar", que tem, como conceito, o que é um comum a duas ou a mais disciplinas. Diz respeito ao processo de ligação entre as disciplinas. Sendo assim, interdisciplinaridade é uma proposta onde a forma de ensinar leva em consideração a construção do conhecimento pelo aluno. Ela é uma prática que não dilui as disciplinas no contexto escolar, mas que amplia o trabalho disciplinar na medida em que promove a aproximação e a articulação das atividades docentes numa ação coordenada e orientada para objetivos bem definidos. 학제간 연구(學際間硏究, 영어: Interdisciplinarity)는 어떤 대상을 연구할 때 서로 다른 여러 학문 분야에 걸쳐 제휴하여 참여하는 연구를 가리키며, 일본식 조어로는 학제적 연구(일본어: 学際的研究)라고도 한다. 여러 학제에 걸친 연구가 필요한 성질을 가리켜 학제성(學際性)이라고도 부른다. L’interdisciplinarité est l'art de faire travailler ensemble des personnes ou des équipes issues de diverses disciplines scientifiques. L'intérêt est d'enrichir les approches et solutions en favorisant la créativité et la sérendipité, de faciliter l'atteinte d'un but commun en confrontant des approches différentes d'un même problème. Des concepts proches et complémentaires sont la pluridisciplinarité, la transdisciplinarité et la métadisciplinarité. Antardisiplin atau kajian antardisiplin adalah penggabungan dua atau lebih disiplin akademik ke dalam satu aktivitas, misalnya suatu penelitian. Pendekatan antardisiplin muncul saat suatu permasalahan memerlukan metode atau pengetahuan dari beberapa bidang ilmu dan tidak dapat diselesaikan hanya dari satu bidang saja. Ilmu terapan umumnya menggunakan pendekatan antardisiplin. * l * * s Interdisziplinarität (lateinisch inter ‚zwischen‘, disciplina ‚Unterweisung‘, ‚Lehre‘, ‚Ordnung‘, ‚Disziplin‘) bezeichnet die kooperative Nutzung und Weiterentwicklung von Ansätzen, Denkweisen oder zumindest Methoden verschiedener wissenschaftlicher Fachrichtungen. Tvärvetenskap är en forskningsverksamhet eller vetenskaplig gren som involverar kunskaper, metoder, terminologi och expertis från skilda vetenskapsgrenar. Involveras många olika vetenskapsgrenar, talar man också om mångvetenskap. De flesta beteckningar som används i dessa sammanhang tenderar att vara översättningar från engelskan. Ordet "tvärvetenskap" är dock en skandinavisk konstruktion som tillkom i samband med Nordiska sommaruniversitetets verksamhet under 1950-talet. Flera pekar på språkmannen Paul Diderichsen som begreppets upphovsman.[källa behövs] Interdisciplinarity or interdisciplinary studies involves the combination of multiple academic disciplines into one activity (e.g., a research project). It draws knowledge from several other fields like sociology, anthropology, psychology, economics, etc. It is about creating something by thinking across boundaries. It is related to an interdiscipline or an interdisciplinary field, which is an organizational unit that crosses traditional boundaries between academic disciplines or schools of thought, as new needs and professions emerge. Large engineering teams are usually interdisciplinary, as a power station or mobile phone or other project requires the melding of several specialties. However, the term "interdisciplinary" is sometimes confined to academic settings. حقول متداخلة (بالإنجليزية: Interdisciplinarity)‏ هي حقل الدراسة الذي يعبر الحدود التقليدية بين التخصصات الأكاديمية أو مذاهب والمدارس، وقد حدث ذلك بسبب ظهور احتياجات جديدة ومهن جديدة أيضا. في الأصل ظهر كتطبيق مصطلح متعدد التخصصات داخل المجالات التربوية والتعليمة والتدريبية لوصف الدراسات التي تستخدم أساليب ورؤى هذه التخصصات الناشئة أو عدة ميادين من الدراسة التقليدية. تشمل الحقول المتداخلة أو تعددية التخصصات تشمل الجميع من الباحثين والطلاب والمعلمين من اجل تحقيق أهداف ربط ودمج العديد من المدارس الأكاديمية والفكرية والمهن، أو تقنيات الاختصاصات المتعددة، جنبا إلى جنب مع وجهات نظرهم الخاصة في السعي لتحقيق المهمة المشتركة. Sub interfakeco oni komprenas la uzon de celoj, pensmanieroj aŭ, minimume, metodoj de diversaj fakoj. El término interdisciplinariedad expresa la cualidad de ser interdisciplinario. Es un campo de estudio que cruza los límites tradicionales entre varias disciplinas académicas, o entre varias escuelas de pensamiento, por el surgimiento de nuevas necesidades o del desarrollo de nuevos enfoques teóricos o técnicos. Otros autores han definido la interdisciplinariedad como un conjunto de disciplinas conexas entre sí y con relaciones definidas, a fin de que sus actividades no se produzcan en forma aislada, dispersa y fraccionada.​ Η διεπιστημονικότητα (interdisciplinarity) είναι ο συνδυασμός δύο ή και περισσότερων κλάδων επιστημονικής γνώσεως σε μία δραστηριότητα (π.χ. ένα ερευνητικό πρόγραμμα). Ο όρος βρίσκει την πλήρη σημασία του όταν δημιουργείται κάτι το νέο από τη σκέψη πέρα από τα σύνορα των επιστημών. Διεπιστημονικός κλάδος ή πεδίο είναι ο κλάδος ή το πεδίο που απλώνεται πάνω από τα παραδοσιακά σύνορα μεταξύ επιστημών ή κλάδων τους ή και (το τελευταίο αφορά κυρίως τις επιστήμες του ανθρώπου και τα οικονομικά). Βασικός παράγοντας για την υπέρβαση αυτή είναι η εμφάνιση νέων αναγκών και ασχολιών, δηλαδή πρακτικοί λόγοι. Οι μεγάλες ομάδες έργων μηχανικού είναι συνήθως διεπιστημονικές, καθώς απαιτούνται επιστήμονες διαφορετικών ειδικοτήτων για τη σχεδίαση και την κατασκευή π.χ. ενός σταθμού παραγωγής ενέργειας ή Het begrip interdisciplinariteit betekent letterlijk 'tussen de disciplines'. Het gaat om een benaderingswijze in de wetenschap waarbij men zich niet beperkt tot de eigen discipline (vakgebied), maar waar een tussenpositie wordt gecreëerd. Soms is dat door de perspectieven van verschillende wetenschappen te combineren. Na een langere periode kan een interdisciplinaire benadering als combinatie van disciplines zelf ook weer een discipline worden. Voorbeelden van uit een interdisciplinair aandachtsgebied voortgekomen disciplines zijn: 科際整合（英語：Interdisciplinarity），或译跨学科、交叉学科、学科间研究、学科交叉等，指的是两个或多个学科相互合作，在同一个目标下进行的学术活动。科際整合的项目通常源于对单一学科无法、或是无意对某些重要问题进行研究的认识。例如，社会科学学科中的人类学和社会学，通常并不重视研究科技进步对于社会的影响；因此，许多对此感兴趣的社会科学家有意去参与科学与技术研究，晚近發展為「科學、科技與社會」（Science, Technology and Society，缩写为“STS”）學門；此类多学科合作项目通常由不同领域的学者组成（如人类学、历史学、哲学、社会学或者女性研究）。不过，也有不少科際整合起源于新的研究方向，如纳米科技等。只有在综合了数个学科的知识和研究方法时，这些研究方向才有可能取得成功。例如，量子信息处理综合了量子物理及计算机科学，而生物信息学则把分子生物学引入了计算机科学领域。只有通过发展多个学科的整合，才能解决人类所面临的不少棘手问题，如AIDS、传染病、全球暖化以及生物多样性殆失等等。另一方面，相对于当前学科过度专业化所造成的限制而言，科際整合也被视为一种矫正。 Diziplinartekotasuna diziplina akademiko desberdin asko erabiltzen dituen jakintzagai mota da, gai desberdinak metodologia honekin konbinatuz irakasten dituena. Gaur egungo garapen zientifikoan oinarritutako gizartean gero eta beharrezkoagoa da jakintza desberdinen elkartasuna edo konbinaketa, gauzak bere konplexutasunean ulertu ahal izateko. Adibidez, pentsa dezagun komunitate batean gaixotasun bat hedatzen ari dela. Gaixotasuna sendatzeko, medikuntzako jakintzak behar ditugu, baina gaixotasuna beste leku batean agertzen bada, estatistikaren bidez jakin ahalko da izurritea zer biztanleri zatitan agertuko den, komunitate horren dietaren, kokapen geografikoaren.. arabera. Horrela, diziplinartekotasunak diziplina desberdinak konbinatzen ditu jakintza zabalago eta osoago bat izateko. Il termine interdisciplinarità (erronea la forma interdisciplinarietà) indica un argomento, una materia, una metodologia o un approccio culturale, che abbraccia competenze di più settori scientifici o di più discipline di studio; tale termine non va confuso con , , e transdisciplinarità, che hanno significati differenti.

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El término interdisciplinariedad expresa la cualidad de ser interdisciplinario. Es un campo de estudio que cruza los límites tradicionales entre varias disciplinas académicas, o entre varias escuelas de pensamiento, por el surgimiento de nuevas necesidades o del desarrollo de nuevos enfoques teóricos o técnicos. En principio, el término «interdisciplinario» se aplica en el campo académico al tipo de trabajo científico que requiere metodológicamente de la colaboración de diversas y diferentes disciplinas y, en general, la colaboración de especialistas procedentes de diversas áreas tradicionales o de disciplinas cada vez más especializadas. La interdisciplinariedad involucra grupos de investigadores, estudiantes y profesores con el objetivo de vincular e integrar varias escuelas de pensamiento, profesiones o tecnologías, –aún con sus perspectivas específicas–, en la búsqueda de un fin común. La epidemiología del SIDA o el calentamiento global requieren comprender varias disciplinas para resolver problemas complejos. Otros autores han definido la interdisciplinariedad como un conjunto de disciplinas conexas entre sí y con relaciones definidas, a fin de que sus actividades no se produzcan en forma aislada, dispersa y fraccionada.​ 学際（がくさい、英語：interdisciplinary）とは、研究などがいくつかの異なる学問分野にまたがって関わる様子. Η διεπιστημονικότητα (interdisciplinarity) είναι ο συνδυασμός δύο ή και περισσότερων κλάδων επιστημονικής γνώσεως σε μία δραστηριότητα (π.χ. ένα ερευνητικό πρόγραμμα). Ο όρος βρίσκει την πλήρη σημασία του όταν δημιουργείται κάτι το νέο από τη σκέψη πέρα από τα σύνορα των επιστημών. Διεπιστημονικός κλάδος ή πεδίο είναι ο κλάδος ή το πεδίο που απλώνεται πάνω από τα παραδοσιακά σύνορα μεταξύ επιστημών ή κλάδων τους ή και (το τελευταίο αφορά κυρίως τις επιστήμες του ανθρώπου και τα οικονομικά). Βασικός παράγοντας για την υπέρβαση αυτή είναι η εμφάνιση νέων αναγκών και ασχολιών, δηλαδή πρακτικοί λόγοι. Οι μεγάλες ομάδες έργων μηχανικού είναι συνήθως διεπιστημονικές, καθώς απαιτούνται επιστήμονες διαφορετικών ειδικοτήτων για τη σχεδίαση και την κατασκευή π.χ. ενός σταθμού παραγωγής ενέργειας ή ενός κινητού τηλεφώνου. Ωστόσο, ο όρος «διεπιστημονικός» περιορίζεται συχνά (σε αρκετές αναφορές του) στη βασική επιστήμη και στο ακαδημαϊκό περιβάλλον. Ο όρος εφαρμόζεται στην εκπαίδευση για να περιγράψει εκπαιδευτικά προγράμματα που αντλούν έννοιες και μεθόδους αρκετών παραδοσιακών πεδίων σπουδών. Η διεπιστημονικότητα απασχολεί ερευνητές, φοιτητές και καθηγητές στον στόχο της συνθέσεως αυτών των πεδίων ή αρκετών διαφορετικών ακαδημαϊκών σχολών σκέψεως ή τεχνολογιών στην επιδίωξη ενός κοινού σκοπού. Η υπερθέρμανση του πλανήτη π.χ. απαιτεί την κατανόηση διαφορετικών κλάδων για την επίλυση πολυσύνθετων προβλημάτων. Από την άλλη, μπορεί να υπάρχει καταφυγή στη διεπιστημονικότητα σε περιπτώσεις στις οποίες το αντικείμενο φαίνεται ότι παραμελείται ή να μην καλύπτεται από τους παραδοσιακούς κλάδους, που αντιπροσωπεύονται στην παραδοσιακή ακαδημαϊκή δομή ερευνητικών ιδρυμάτων (π.χ. μελέτες της έμφυλης ταυτότητας ή της πολυπολιτισμικότητας). Ο όρος «διεπιστημονική μελέτη» χρησιμοποιείται συχνότερα σε κύκλους της τριτοβάθμιας εκπαιδεύσεως, όταν ερευνητές από δύο ή περισσότερους κλάδους ή επιστήμες συζητούν τις διαφορετικές προσεγγίσεις τους σε ένα ζήτημα και τις τροποποιούν έτσι ώστε να γίνονται πιο κατάλληλες για την αντιμετώπισή του. Σήμερα, σε μαθήματα με διδασκαλία από ομάδα, απαιτείται από τους φοιτητές και τις φοιτήτριες να κατανοήσουν ένα δεδομένο θέμα με όρους διαφορετικών παραδοσιακών επιστημών. Π.χ. το αντικείμενο της μπορεί να εμφανίζεται διαφορετικό όταν εξετάζεται από την πλευρά διαφορετικών επιστημών, όπως της βιολογίας, της γεωγραφίας, της πολιτικής και των οικονομικών. Interdisciplinarita je použití přístupů, způsobů myšlení nebo alespoň metod různých v jediném projektu základního nebo aplikovaného výzkumu. Interdisciplinární způsob práce zahrnuje několik nezávislých věd, které svými metodami studují nějakou převážně vědeckou otázku. Je vedlejší zda tyto obory samy využívají interdisciplinární přístupy, nebo zda interdisciplinarita vyplývá pouze z kombinace těchto oborů. Na rozdíl od je zde důležité, aby se metody přenášely mezi obory a aby strategie řešení nebyla založena pouze na výměně výsledků mezi obory. Interdisciplinarita vyžaduje sloučení a synergii aspektů jednotlivých oborů, pouhé postupné použití těchto aspektů nestačí. Il termine interdisciplinarità (erronea la forma interdisciplinarietà) indica un argomento, una materia, una metodologia o un approccio culturale, che abbraccia competenze di più settori scientifici o di più discipline di studio; tale termine non va confuso con , , e transdisciplinarità, che hanno significati differenti. Molto diffuso nel linguaggio, scientifico, tecnico e professionale contemporaneo, in quanto evidenzia quel processo di integrazione di competenze che spesso è indispensabile per affrontare in modo completo ed efficace determinati problemi, per gli stessi motivi e per superare la frammentazioni dei saperi connessa all'organizzazione della scuola secondaria l'interdisciplinarità è un obiettivo costante in tutte le moderne teorie didattiche. Tuttavia, le prime affermazioni sulla crucialità dell'approccio interdisciplinare in campo scientifico datano ai primi anni 50, con la dichiarazione del premio Nobel per l'economia Gunnar Myrdal: Tvärvetenskap är en forskningsverksamhet eller vetenskaplig gren som involverar kunskaper, metoder, terminologi och expertis från skilda vetenskapsgrenar. Involveras många olika vetenskapsgrenar, talar man också om mångvetenskap. De flesta beteckningar som används i dessa sammanhang tenderar att vara översättningar från engelskan. Ordet "tvärvetenskap" är dock en skandinavisk konstruktion som tillkom i samband med Nordiska sommaruniversitetets verksamhet under 1950-talet. Flera pekar på språkmannen Paul Diderichsen som begreppets upphovsman.[källa behövs] Diziplinartekotasuna diziplina akademiko desberdin asko erabiltzen dituen jakintzagai mota da, gai desberdinak metodologia honekin konbinatuz irakasten dituena. Gaur egungo garapen zientifikoan oinarritutako gizartean gero eta beharrezkoagoa da jakintza desberdinen elkartasuna edo konbinaketa, gauzak bere konplexutasunean ulertu ahal izateko. Adibidez, pentsa dezagun komunitate batean gaixotasun bat hedatzen ari dela. Gaixotasuna sendatzeko, medikuntzako jakintzak behar ditugu, baina gaixotasuna beste leku batean agertzen bada, estatistikaren bidez jakin ahalko da izurritea zer biztanleri zatitan agertuko den, komunitate horren dietaren, kokapen geografikoaren.. arabera. Horrela, diziplinartekotasunak diziplina desberdinak konbinatzen ditu jakintza zabalago eta osoago bat izateko. 학제간 연구(學際間硏究, 영어: Interdisciplinarity)는 어떤 대상을 연구할 때 서로 다른 여러 학문 분야에 걸쳐 제휴하여 참여하는 연구를 가리키며, 일본식 조어로는 학제적 연구(일본어: 学際的研究)라고도 한다. 여러 학제에 걸친 연구가 필요한 성질을 가리켜 학제성(學際性)이라고도 부른다. L’interdisciplinarité est l'art de faire travailler ensemble des personnes ou des équipes issues de diverses disciplines scientifiques. L'intérêt est d'enrichir les approches et solutions en favorisant la créativité et la sérendipité, de faciliter l'atteinte d'un but commun en confrontant des approches différentes d'un même problème. Des concepts proches et complémentaires sont la pluridisciplinarité, la transdisciplinarité et la métadisciplinarité. L'interdisciplinarité est reconnue comme nécessaire pour résoudre les questions globales et complexes (changement climatique, santé publique, crise écologique ou sociopolitique, paix dans le monde, etc.), mais la structuration de l'enseignement et du monde de la recherche n'a pas favorisé la coopération et l'interdisciplinarité. De plus, les études interdisciplinaires sont d'autant plus difficilement financées qu'elles mobilisent des disciplines éloignées les unes des autres et si elles trouvent un financement, elles seront statistiquement moins citées que les autres (moindre facteur d'impact). Antardisiplin atau kajian antardisiplin adalah penggabungan dua atau lebih disiplin akademik ke dalam satu aktivitas, misalnya suatu penelitian. Pendekatan antardisiplin muncul saat suatu permasalahan memerlukan metode atau pengetahuan dari beberapa bidang ilmu dan tidak dapat diselesaikan hanya dari satu bidang saja. Ilmu terapan umumnya menggunakan pendekatan antardisiplin. * l * * s A interdisciplinaridade parte da palavra "interdisciplinar", que tem, como conceito, o que é um comum a duas ou a mais disciplinas. Diz respeito ao processo de ligação entre as disciplinas. Sendo assim, interdisciplinaridade é uma proposta onde a forma de ensinar leva em consideração a construção do conhecimento pelo aluno. Ela é uma prática que não dilui as disciplinas no contexto escolar, mas que amplia o trabalho disciplinar na medida em que promove a aproximação e a articulação das atividades docentes numa ação coordenada e orientada para objetivos bem definidos. Voltada para a formação do indivíduo, a interdisciplinaridade propõe a capacidade de dialogar com as diversas ciências, fazendo entender o saber como um todo, e não como partes ou fragmentações. Trata-se de um movimento, um conceito e uma prática que está em processo de construção e desenvolvimento dentro das ciências e do ensino das ciências, sendo, estes, dois campos distintos nos quais a interdisciplinaridade se faz presente. Assim, interdisciplinaridade é parte de um movimento que busca a superação da disciplinaridade. Definir um objeto que está em construção, coexistindo com aquele que o estuda, é uma tarefa difícil e até certo ponto parcial, uma vez que este objeto está se transformando e se alterando. Assim, toda discussão sobre interdisciplinaridade é passível de análise comparativa com o material contemporâneo sobre o tema até que este esteja melhor desenvolvido e articulado, muito mais pela prática do que pela teoria, uma vez que a interdisciplinariedade esta acontecendo, e a partir disso, uma teoria tem sido desenvolvida. Um estudo epistemológico é proveitoso para a delimitação do tema. Existem quatro palavras que são particularmente relacionadas entre si e todas delimitam uma abordagem científica e educacional. Pluridisciplinaridade, multidisciplinaridade, "interdisciplinaridade" e transdisciplinaridadeː o que há em comum nestas palavras é a palavra disciplina, que deve ser entendida como aquelas "fatias" dos estudos científicos e das disciplinas escolares, tais como matemática, biologia, ciências naturais, história, etc. e de um esforço em superar tudo o que está relacionado ao conceito de disciplina. Interdisciplinarity or interdisciplinary studies involves the combination of multiple academic disciplines into one activity (e.g., a research project). It draws knowledge from several other fields like sociology, anthropology, psychology, economics, etc. It is about creating something by thinking across boundaries. It is related to an interdiscipline or an interdisciplinary field, which is an organizational unit that crosses traditional boundaries between academic disciplines or schools of thought, as new needs and professions emerge. Large engineering teams are usually interdisciplinary, as a power station or mobile phone or other project requires the melding of several specialties. However, the term "interdisciplinary" is sometimes confined to academic settings. The term interdisciplinary is applied within education and training pedagogies to describe studies that use methods and insights of several established disciplines or traditional fields of study. Interdisciplinarity involves researchers, students, and teachers in the goals of connecting and integrating several academic schools of thought, professions, or technologies—along with their specific perspectives—in the pursuit of a common task. The epidemiology of HIV/AIDS or global warming requires understanding of diverse disciplines to solve complex problems. Interdisciplinary may be applied where the subject is felt to have been neglected or even misrepresented in the traditional disciplinary structure of research institutions, for example, women's studies or ethnic area studies. Interdisciplinarity can likewise be applied to complex subjects that can only be understood by combining the perspectives of two or more fields. The adjective interdisciplinary is most often used in educational circles when researchers from two or more disciplines pool their approaches and modify them so that they are better suited to the problem at hand, including the case of the team-taught course where students are required to understand a given subject in terms of multiple traditional disciplines. For example, the subject of land use may appear differently when examined by different disciplines, for instance, biology, chemistry, economics, geography, and politics. Interdisziplinarität (lateinisch inter ‚zwischen‘, disciplina ‚Unterweisung‘, ‚Lehre‘, ‚Ordnung‘, ‚Disziplin‘) bezeichnet die kooperative Nutzung und Weiterentwicklung von Ansätzen, Denkweisen oder zumindest Methoden verschiedener wissenschaftlicher Fachrichtungen. Eine interdisziplinäre oder fächerübergreifende Arbeitsweise umfasst mehrere voneinander unabhängige Einzelwissenschaften, die einer meist wissenschaftlichen Fragestellung mit ihren jeweiligen Methoden nachgehen. Hierbei spielt eine untergeordnete Rolle, ob diese Fachgebiete selbst interdisziplinäre Ansätze verfolgen oder ob sich diese Ansätze erst durch eine Kombination der Fachgebiete ergeben. In Abgrenzung zur Multidisziplinarität legt Interdisziplinarität nahe, dass Methoden und Arbeitsprozesse kooperativ in der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Vertretern verschiedener Disziplinen entstehen und sich Lösungsstrategien nicht nur durch einen Austausch der Ergebnisse ergeben. Interdisziplinarität bedingt das Zusammenführen verschiedener Teilaspekte, ein reines Nebeneinander dieser Aspekte reicht hierfür nicht aus. Über diese allgemeine Definition hinaus herrscht in der terminologischen Bedeutung des Begriffs allerdings kein Konsens: Abhängig vom Sprachgebrauch und vom Ausgangsverständnis wird Interdisziplinarität als Methode der Erkenntnisgewinnung verstanden, als normative Zielsetzung wissenschaftlicher Kooperation oder auch als Dialog über Chancen und Grenzen fachübergreifender Zusammenarbeit. Übergreifend kann Interdisziplinarität als „akademische Grundhaltung"“verstanden werden, „in der sich Offenheit, Kontextbewusstsein, Anerkennung der eigenen disziplinären Grenzen, Dialoginteresse sowie Kooperations- und Integrationsfähigkeit verbinden.“ La interdisciplinarietat és l'intent de superar les divisions dels diferents camps de la ciència per tenir un apropament global a un problema o camp d'estudi. Es diferencia de la multidisciplinarietat, on experts de diversos camps treballen plegats però mantenint els seus mètodes i particularitats. A l'Antiguitat no hi havia divisió entre les ciències, es considerava que una persona culta havia de dominar diferents disciplines, per això els filòsofs s'ocupaven de diferents disciplines. L'homo universalis renaixentista, l'ideal erudit, continuava mantenint aquest referent de totalitat. Amb l'especialització creixent del coneixement, accentuat pels estudis reglats a les universitats i el positivisme, la ciència va perdre l'enfocament interdisciplinar. Les anomenades dues cultures (en termes de Charles Percy Snow), humanitats i ciències socials per una banda i ciències experimentals i ciències pures per l'altra, són les dues divisions majors però a cadascuna conviuen diferents acostaments al coneixement. La interdisciplinarietat busca justament superar aquestes divisions i per això els estudis busquen experts de diferents àrees per dotar d'una visió més complexa els temes analitzats. Alguns dels exemples més recents d'estudis interdisciplinars són la ciència cognitiva, la lluita contra el canvi climàtic o els estudis culturals. 科際整合（英語：Interdisciplinarity），或译跨学科、交叉学科、学科间研究、学科交叉等，指的是两个或多个学科相互合作，在同一个目标下进行的学术活动。科際整合的项目通常源于对单一学科无法、或是无意对某些重要问题进行研究的认识。例如，社会科学学科中的人类学和社会学，通常并不重视研究科技进步对于社会的影响；因此，许多对此感兴趣的社会科学家有意去参与科学与技术研究，晚近發展為「科學、科技與社會」（Science, Technology and Society，缩写为“STS”）學門；此类多学科合作项目通常由不同领域的学者组成（如人类学、历史学、哲学、社会学或者女性研究）。不过，也有不少科際整合起源于新的研究方向，如纳米科技等。只有在综合了数个学科的知识和研究方法时，这些研究方向才有可能取得成功。例如，量子信息处理综合了量子物理及计算机科学，而生物信息学则把分子生物学引入了计算机科学领域。只有通过发展多个学科的整合，才能解决人类所面临的不少棘手问题，如AIDS、传染病、全球暖化以及生物多样性殆失等等。另一方面，相对于当前学科过度专业化所造成的限制而言，科際整合也被视为一种矫正。 Interdyscyplinarność – rodzaj współpracy naukowej, w której naukowcy, stosując typowe dla swoich dyscyplin metody badawcze, starają się doprecyzować wstępnie sformułowany problem. W wyniku działań interdyscyplinarnych powstaje specyficzna nowa wiedza, przedstawiająca podejście odmienne od podejść reprezentowanych przez dziedziny, na których się opiera. Interdyscyplinarne badania naukowe są prowadzone w różnych dziedzinach (przykłady: kognitywistyka, polemologia i wiele innych). Het begrip interdisciplinariteit betekent letterlijk 'tussen de disciplines'. Het gaat om een benaderingswijze in de wetenschap waarbij men zich niet beperkt tot de eigen discipline (vakgebied), maar waar een tussenpositie wordt gecreëerd. Soms is dat door de perspectieven van verschillende wetenschappen te combineren. Na een langere periode kan een interdisciplinaire benadering als combinatie van disciplines zelf ook weer een discipline worden. De interdisciplinaire benadering is niet nieuw, maar sinds halverwege de twintigste eeuw in zwang. Onderzoeksgroepen binnen de verschillende faculteiten zijn vaak samengesteld uit een team van experts uit verschillende vakgebieden, waardoor projecten een interdisciplinair karakter krijgen. Interdisciplinair onderwijs is vaak pas mogelijk als een interdisciplinair vakgebied is uitgegroeid tot een nieuwe, zelfstandige discipline. Toch zijn er de laatste jaren steeds meer mogelijkheden voor interdisciplinair studeren. Voorbeelden van uit een interdisciplinair aandachtsgebied voortgekomen disciplines zijn: * Interdisciplinaire Sociale Wetenschap * Bedrijfskunde * Bio-informatica * Biomedische technologie * Cognitiewetenschap * Computationele taalkunde * Culturele analyse * Gedragseconomie * Kunstmatige intelligentie * Kristallografie * Materiaalkunde * Medicinale chemie * Medische biologie * Milieukunde * Psychobiologie * Psycholinguïstiek * * * Westerse esoterie * Wetenschapsdynamica Interdisciplinariteit is te onderscheiden van multidisciplinariteit. Multidisciplinaire wetenschap combineert eveneens verschillende disciplines, maar hierbij wordt wél vastgehouden aan de eigen discipline. Multidisciplinariteit gaat dus minder ver dan interdisciplinariteit. Sub interfakeco oni komprenas la uzon de celoj, pensmanieroj aŭ, minimume, metodoj de diversaj fakoj. حقول متداخلة (بالإنجليزية: Interdisciplinarity)‏ هي حقل الدراسة الذي يعبر الحدود التقليدية بين التخصصات الأكاديمية أو مذاهب والمدارس، وقد حدث ذلك بسبب ظهور احتياجات جديدة ومهن جديدة أيضا. في الأصل ظهر كتطبيق مصطلح متعدد التخصصات داخل المجالات التربوية والتعليمة والتدريبية لوصف الدراسات التي تستخدم أساليب ورؤى هذه التخصصات الناشئة أو عدة ميادين من الدراسة التقليدية. تشمل الحقول المتداخلة أو تعددية التخصصات تشمل الجميع من الباحثين والطلاب والمعلمين من اجل تحقيق أهداف ربط ودمج العديد من المدارس الأكاديمية والفكرية والمهن، أو تقنيات الاختصاصات المتعددة، جنبا إلى جنب مع وجهات نظرهم الخاصة في السعي لتحقيق المهمة المشتركة.

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