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Merger (politics) Fusion (territoire) دمج (سياسة) 合併 (政治) Eingemeindung Inkorporering

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Inkorporering sker när en administrativ enhet utökar sitt territorium. Motsatsen kallas exkorporering. I den svenska stads- och kommunhistorien har inkorporering oftast inneburit att en stad införlivar hela eller delar av omkringliggande landskommuner med sitt område. Även inkorporeringar av köpingskommuner har dock förekommit, t.ex. när Malmö stad inkorporerade Limhamns köping. Une fusion, consolidation ou amalgamation est, dans un cadre politique ou administratif, la combinaison d'au moins deux entités administratives (des municipalités, des comtés ou encore des districts) en une seule entité. Ce terme est utilisé lorsque le processus s'opère à l'intérieur d'une entité souveraine. L'annexion est similaire à l'amalgamation, mais diffère dans son application sur deux points : 在政治學、公共行政學或都市計畫中，廣義的合併（英語：merger，consolidation或amalgamation）是指在一個主權實體內部，兩個（或以上）政府組織、市政機構、國家、地區等政治或行政實體的整併，其又可概分為狹義的整併（consolidation）、兼併（annexation）、合併（merger）與合作（cooperation）四種類型。 合併和併吞（annexation）很類似，兩者差異主要在於併吞發生於兩個（或以上）獨立的主權實體，而合併發生在一個主權實體內部。 الدمج، أو التوحيد، بالمعنى السياسي أو الإداري، هو مزج كيانين سياسيين أو إداريين أو أكثر، مثل بلدية (بمعنى آخر مدن، بلدات، الخ)، محافظات، مديريات وما إلى ذلك في كيان واحد. يستخدم هذا المصطلح عند حدوث العملية داخل كيان سيادي. Unter Eingemeindung versteht man im deutschen Sprachgebrauch das Verschmelzen von zwei oder mehr Gemeinden, wobei meist eine der ursprünglichen Gemeinden größer als die anderen ist, während man bei gleich großen Gemeinden eher von Zusammenlegung spricht. In Deutschland ist der Begriff auch ein Rechtsbegriff im Kommunalrecht für die Eingliederung von mindestens einer Gemeinde oder eines gemeindefreien Gebietes in eine bereits bestehende Gemeinde. Die aufnehmende Gemeinde bleibt dabei bestehen, die eingegliederte wird aufgelöst und verliert ihre Rechtsfähigkeit. A merger, consolidation or amalgamation, in a political or administrative sense, is the combination of two or more political or administrative entities, such as municipalities (in other words cities, towns, etc.), counties, districts, etc., into a single entity. This term is used when the process occurs within a sovereign entity. Annexation is similar to amalgamation, but differs in being applied mainly to two cases:

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Unter Eingemeindung versteht man im deutschen Sprachgebrauch das Verschmelzen von zwei oder mehr Gemeinden, wobei meist eine der ursprünglichen Gemeinden größer als die anderen ist, während man bei gleich großen Gemeinden eher von Zusammenlegung spricht. In Deutschland ist der Begriff auch ein Rechtsbegriff im Kommunalrecht für die Eingliederung von mindestens einer Gemeinde oder eines gemeindefreien Gebietes in eine bereits bestehende Gemeinde. Die aufnehmende Gemeinde bleibt dabei bestehen, die eingegliederte wird aufgelöst und verliert ihre Rechtsfähigkeit. Der Gegensatz ist die Ausgemeindung, den Wechsel der Zugehörigkeit eines Gebietes von einer Gemeinde zu einer anderen nennt man Umgemeindung. الدمج، أو التوحيد، بالمعنى السياسي أو الإداري، هو مزج كيانين سياسيين أو إداريين أو أكثر، مثل بلدية (بمعنى آخر مدن، بلدات، الخ)، محافظات، مديريات وما إلى ذلك في كيان واحد. يستخدم هذا المصطلح عند حدوث العملية داخل كيان سيادي. A merger, consolidation or amalgamation, in a political or administrative sense, is the combination of two or more political or administrative entities, such as municipalities (in other words cities, towns, etc.), counties, districts, etc., into a single entity. This term is used when the process occurs within a sovereign entity. Unbalanced growth or outward expansion of one neighbor may necessitate an administrative decision to merge (see urban sprawl). In some cases, common perception of continuity may be a factor in prompting such a process (see conurbation). Some cities (see ) that have gone through amalgamation or a similar process had several administrative sub-divisions or jurisdictions, each with a separate person in charge. Annexation is similar to amalgamation, but differs in being applied mainly to two cases: 1. * The units joined are sovereign entities before the process, as opposed to being units of a single political entity. 2. * A city's boundaries are expanded by adding territories not already incorporated as cities or villages. 在政治學、公共行政學或都市計畫中，廣義的合併（英語：merger，consolidation或amalgamation）是指在一個主權實體內部，兩個（或以上）政府組織、市政機構、國家、地區等政治或行政實體的整併，其又可概分為狹義的整併（consolidation）、兼併（annexation）、合併（merger）與合作（cooperation）四種類型。 合併和併吞（annexation）很類似，兩者差異主要在於併吞發生於兩個（或以上）獨立的主權實體，而合併發生在一個主權實體內部。 Une fusion, consolidation ou amalgamation est, dans un cadre politique ou administratif, la combinaison d'au moins deux entités administratives (des municipalités, des comtés ou encore des districts) en une seule entité. Ce terme est utilisé lorsque le processus s'opère à l'intérieur d'une entité souveraine. Une croissance déséquilibrée ou une expansion vers l'extérieur d'un voisin peut conduire à la décision administrative de fusionner (voir Étalement urbain). Dans certains cas, une perception commune de continuité peut être un facteur déclenchant le processus (voir conurbation). Certaines villes étant passées par une amalagation ou un processus similaire disposaient de plusieurs subdivisions administratives ou de juridictions, chacune dotées un maire distinct. L'annexion est similaire à l'amalgamation, mais diffère dans son application sur deux points : 1. * Les territoires joints étaient des entités souveraines avant le processus au lieu d'être des territoires d'une seule entité politique. 2. * Les limites de la ville sont repoussées par l'addition de territoires qui n'étaient pas en eux-mêmes incorporés en tant que ville ou village. Inkorporering sker när en administrativ enhet utökar sitt territorium. Motsatsen kallas exkorporering. I den svenska stads- och kommunhistorien har inkorporering oftast inneburit att en stad införlivar hela eller delar av omkringliggande landskommuner med sitt område. Även inkorporeringar av köpingskommuner har dock förekommit, t.ex. när Malmö stad inkorporerade Limhamns köping. Stads- och kommunhistorikern, senare borgarrådet, Yngve Larsson (1881–1977) skiljer i sin avhandling Inkorporeringsproblemet på ”total inkorporering” (en eller flera kommuner inkorporeras i sin helhet) respektive "partiell inkorporering" (delar av en eller flera kommuner inkorporeras). Istället för total inkorporering användes vid de för sin tid kontroversiella kommunreformerna 1952 och 1971 begreppet sammanläggning. Vid en inkorporering anses en bestående kommun utvidgas med det inkorporerade området. Med begreppet sammanläggning menas att en ny kommun av bildas av de ingående kommunerna. Larsson konstaterar dock i sin doktorsavhandling att det är ”en ren formell fråga av ringa praktisk betydelse”, det är ändå var centralorten med kommunförvaltningen hamnar som visar vilket område som inkorporerar vilket.

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