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dbr:Risk_management

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Gestión de riesgos Zarządzanie ryzykiem Risk management Manajemen risiko Gerenciamento de risco 风险管理 إدارة المخاطر Ризик-менеджмент Risk management Gestion des risques Riskhantering Risicobeheer Gestione del rischio 위험관리 リスクマネジメント Управление рисками Διαχείριση κινδύνου Risikomanagement

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La gestión de riesgos (traducción del inglés risk management) es un enfoque estructurado para manejar la incertidumbre relativa a una amenaza a través de una secuencia de actividades humanas que incluyen la identificación, el análisis y la evaluación de riesgo, para luego establecer las estrategias de su tratamiento utilizando recursos gerenciales. Las estrategias incluyen transferir el riesgo a otra parte, evitar el riesgo (esto es, reducir su probabilidad o impacto a 0), reducir el impacto negativo del riesgo y aceptar algunas o todas las consecuencias de un riesgo particular mediante una decisión informada. Управление рисками — процесс принятия и выполнения управленческих решений, направленных на снижение вероятности возникновения неблагоприятного результата и минимизацию возможных потерь проекта, вызванных его реализацией. В современной экономической науке нет одного устоявшегося определения категории риск, а существует несколько традиций определения, опирающихся на разные родовые категории определения, поэтому под риском могут понимать: Цель управления рисками в сфере экономики — повышение конкурентоспособности хозяйствующих субъектов с помощью защиты от реализации чистых рисков. Das Risikomanagement übernimmt in Unternehmen das Management von Unternehmensrisiken durch deren Risikoidentifikation, Risikoanalyse, Risikoquantifizierung, Risikoaggregation, Risikobeurteilung, Risikobewertung, Risikokommunikation und abschließende Risikobewältigung. Η διαχείριση κινδύνου είναι κεντρικός πυρήνας της στρατηγικής διαχείρισης κάθε . Είναι η διεργασία με την οποία οι οργανισμοί προσεγγίζουν μεθοδικά τους κινδύνους που σχετίζονται με τις δραστηριότητές τους, με σκοπό την επίτευξη σε κάθε δραστηριότητα. Το επίκεντρο της καλής διαχείρισης κινδύνου είναι η αναγνώριση και ο χειρισμός αυτών των κινδύνων. Αυξάνει την πιθανότητα επιτυχίας των συνολικών στόχων του οργανισμού. Risk management, česky zacházení s riziky, je oblast řízení projektů i procesů, která se zabývá zjišťováním a hodnocením jejich nebezpečí a nežádoucích důsledků. Při zahájení každého projektu je důležité stanovit rizika spojená s tímto projektem a nezapomínat, že každý projekt je jedinečný. Než se s projektem začne, je třeba vyhodnotit rizika spojená se špatně definovaným cílem. Důležité je propojení projektu s jinými projekty, včetně časových návazností. Následuji rizika spojená s lidmi, s jejich nedostatečnou kvalifikací a zkušenostmi. Závažné jsou i finanční rizika, včetně časového plánování příjmů a nákladů. 风险管理（risk management）是一个管理過程，包括對风险的定義、測量、评估和应对風險的策略。目的是將可避免的風險、成本及損失極小化。理想的风险管理，事先已排定优先次序，可以優先處理引發最大损失及發生機率最高的事件，其次再處理風險相對較低的事件。 風險可能來自各種來源，包括金融市場的不確定性，項目失敗的威脅（在設計，開發，生產或維持生命週期的任何階段），法律責任，信用風險，事故，自然原因和災難，來自對手蓄意攻擊，或不確定原因及事件。 實際狀況中，因為風險與發生機率通常不一致，所以難以決定處理順序。故須衡量兩者比重，做出最合适的决定。 因為牽涉到机会成本，风险管理同時也要面对如何運用有效资源的难题。把资源用于风险管理可能會減少運用在其他具有潛在報酬之活動的资源；理想的风险管理正是希望以最少的资源化解最大的危机。 위험관리(危險管理, risk management)는 금융시장의 불확실성(시장위험), 신용위험, 금융기관의 운영위험, 프로젝트 실패(기획, 개발, 생산 또는 유지보수의 모든 단계), 법적 책임, 사고, 자연 재해, 의도적인 목적으로부터의 위협, 예측할 수 없는 근본적 원인 또는 불확실한 사건에서 온다. Gerenciamento de risco (português brasileiro) ou gestão de risco (português europeu) (GRIS) realiza-se com a adoção de melhores práticas de infraestrutura, políticas e metodologias, permitindo uma melhor gestão dos limites de risco aceitáveis, do capital, da precificação e do gerenciamento da carteira. إدارة المخاطر أو إدارة المجازفة أو إدارة الخطر (بالإنجليزية: Risk Management)‏ هي عملية قياس وتقييم للمخاطر وتطوير إستراتيجيات لإدارتها. تتضمن هذه الإستراتيجيات نقل المخاطر إلى جهة أخرى وتجنبها وتقليل آثارها السلبية وقبول بعض أو كل تبعاتها. كما يمكن تعريفها بأنها النشاط الإداري الذي يهدف إلى التحكم بالمخاطر وتخفيضها إلى مستويات مقبولة. وبشكل أدق هي عملية تحديد وقياس والسيطرة وتخفيض المخاطر التي تواجه الشركة أو المؤسسة. La gestione del rischio (in inglese risk management) è il processo mediante il quale si misura o si stima il rischio e successivamente si sviluppano delle strategie per governarlo. Si occupano di gestione del rischio sia le grandi imprese che hanno dei team appositi, sia le piccole imprese che praticano informalmente la gestione del rischio. Riskhantering (engelska: Risk management) är ett samlingsnamn för den verksamhet som på ett systematiskt sätt inventerar, analyserar och förebygger olika typer av risker i ett företags verksamhet. Detta syftar till att en verksamhets resurser och inkomstmöjligheter skall skyddas mot skador så att företagets och verksamhetens mål kan nås till en så låg kostnad som möjligt. Risicobeheer of risicomanagement is een continu proces dat ten aanzien van de doelstelling risico's identificeert, beoordeelt en vervolgstappen definieert. Er zijn verschillende gebieden waarop risicomanagement toegepast kan worden; financieel risicomanagement richt zich op het beheersen van financiële risico's, projectrisicomanagement richt zich op het beheersen van risico's in het realiseren van grote projecten. Belangrijk is in hoeverre er sprake is van een meetbaar risico of een onmeetbare onzekerheid, meer specifiek Knightiaanse onzekerheid. リスクマネジメント（英語: risk management）とは、JISの定義では「リスクについて，組織を指揮統制するための調整された活動」である。和文表記は危機管理（ききかんり）。 Ри́зик-ме́неджмент — це , яка включає в себе стратегію та тактику управління, направлені на досягнення основних бізнес-цілей банку. Ефективний ризик-менеджмент включає: * систему управління; * систему ідентифікації і вимірювання; * систему супроводження (моніторингу та контролю). Мета ризик-менеджменту у сфері економіки - підвищення конкурентоспроможності господарюючих суб'єктів за допомогою захисту від реалізації чистих ризиків. Zarządzanie ryzykiem – według międzynarodowej normy ISO 31000:2009, oraz polskiej normy PN-ISO 31000:2018-08 skoordynowane działania dotyczące kierowania i nadzorowania organizacją w odniesieniu do ryzyka. La gestion des risques, ou l'anglicisme, management du risque (de l'anglais : risk management), est la discipline visant à identifier, évaluer et hiérarchiser les risques liés aux activités d'une organisation, quelles que soient la nature ou l'origine de ces risques, puis à les traiter méthodiquement, de manière coordonnée et économique, afin de réduire et contrôler la probabilité des événements redoutés, et leur impact éventuel. La gestion des risques est liée à la Hiérarchie du contrôle des dangers qui permet d'orienter le choix des mesures vers celles qui sont les plus efficaces. Risk management is the identification, evaluation, and prioritization of risks (defined in ISO 31000 as the effect of uncertainty on objectives) followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities. Manajemen risiko adalah suatu pendekatan terstruktur atau metodologi dalam mengelola ketidakpastian yang berkaitan dengan ancaman; suatu rangkaian aktivitas manusia termasuk: , pengembangan strategi untuk mengelolanya dan risiko dengan menggunakan pemberdayaan atau pengelolaan sumberdaya. Strategi yang dapat diambil antara lain adalah memindahkan risiko kepada pihak lain, menghindari risiko, mengurangi efek negatif risiko, dan menampung sebagian atau semua konsekuensi risiko tertentu. Manajemen risiko tradisional terfokus pada risiko-risiko yang timbul oleh penyebab fisik atau legal (seperti bencana alam atau kebakaran, kematian, serta tuntutan hukum. Manajemen risiko keuangan, di sisi lain, terfokus pada risiko yang dapat dikelola dengan menggunakan instrumen-instrumen keuangan.

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La gestion des risques, ou l'anglicisme, management du risque (de l'anglais : risk management), est la discipline visant à identifier, évaluer et hiérarchiser les risques liés aux activités d'une organisation, quelles que soient la nature ou l'origine de ces risques, puis à les traiter méthodiquement, de manière coordonnée et économique, afin de réduire et contrôler la probabilité des événements redoutés, et leur impact éventuel. À ce titre, il s'agit d'une composante de la stratégie d'entreprise qui vise à réduire la probabilité d'échec ou d'incertitude de tous les facteurs pouvant affecter son projet d'entreprise. La gestion en continu de la grille de risques d'une entreprise suppose vision et vigilance du dirigeant et de ses conseils et cadres, pour la réadapter aux réalités du terrain et des systèmes régulateurs qui s'y appliquent. Dans les grandes entreprises, on trouve des équipes spécialisées à la tête desquelles œuvre un gestionnaire du risque ou risk manager. Il a donc vocation à gérer les risques de l'entreprise qui l'emploie. Les entreprises de taille moyenne sont encore peu préoccupées de gestion des risques. Selon une étude du cabinet d'audit Mazars, qui a interrogé environ 200 entreprises affichant des chiffres d'affaires de 100 millions à quelques milliards d'euros, les risques qui les inquiètent le plus sont ceux qui peuvent entraîner une sanction du client, suivis des risques techniques ou opérationnels. Viennent ensuite les risques industriels, juridiques, fiscaux et informatiques. La gestion des risques est liée à la Hiérarchie du contrôle des dangers qui permet d'orienter le choix des mesures vers celles qui sont les plus efficaces. إدارة المخاطر أو إدارة المجازفة أو إدارة الخطر (بالإنجليزية: Risk Management)‏ هي عملية قياس وتقييم للمخاطر وتطوير إستراتيجيات لإدارتها. تتضمن هذه الإستراتيجيات نقل المخاطر إلى جهة أخرى وتجنبها وتقليل آثارها السلبية وقبول بعض أو كل تبعاتها. كما يمكن تعريفها بأنها النشاط الإداري الذي يهدف إلى التحكم بالمخاطر وتخفيضها إلى مستويات مقبولة. وبشكل أدق هي عملية تحديد وقياس والسيطرة وتخفيض المخاطر التي تواجه الشركة أو المؤسسة. 위험관리(危險管理, risk management)는 금융시장의 불확실성(시장위험), 신용위험, 금융기관의 운영위험, 프로젝트 실패(기획, 개발, 생산 또는 유지보수의 모든 단계), 법적 책임, 사고, 자연 재해, 의도적인 목적으로부터의 위협, 예측할 수 없는 근본적 원인 또는 불확실한 사건에서 온다. La gestione del rischio (in inglese risk management) è il processo mediante il quale si misura o si stima il rischio e successivamente si sviluppano delle strategie per governarlo. Si occupano di gestione del rischio sia le grandi imprese che hanno dei team appositi, sia le piccole imprese che praticano informalmente la gestione del rischio. 风险管理（risk management）是一个管理過程，包括對风险的定義、測量、评估和应对風險的策略。目的是將可避免的風險、成本及損失極小化。理想的风险管理，事先已排定优先次序，可以優先處理引發最大损失及發生機率最高的事件，其次再處理風險相對較低的事件。 風險可能來自各種來源，包括金融市場的不確定性，項目失敗的威脅（在設計，開發，生產或維持生命週期的任何階段），法律責任，信用風險，事故，自然原因和災難，來自對手蓄意攻擊，或不確定原因及事件。 實際狀況中，因為風險與發生機率通常不一致，所以難以決定處理順序。故須衡量兩者比重，做出最合适的决定。 因為牽涉到机会成本，风险管理同時也要面对如何運用有效资源的难题。把资源用于风险管理可能會減少運用在其他具有潛在報酬之活動的资源；理想的风险管理正是希望以最少的资源化解最大的危机。 Manajemen risiko adalah suatu pendekatan terstruktur atau metodologi dalam mengelola ketidakpastian yang berkaitan dengan ancaman; suatu rangkaian aktivitas manusia termasuk: , pengembangan strategi untuk mengelolanya dan risiko dengan menggunakan pemberdayaan atau pengelolaan sumberdaya. Strategi yang dapat diambil antara lain adalah memindahkan risiko kepada pihak lain, menghindari risiko, mengurangi efek negatif risiko, dan menampung sebagian atau semua konsekuensi risiko tertentu. Manajemen risiko tradisional terfokus pada risiko-risiko yang timbul oleh penyebab fisik atau legal (seperti bencana alam atau kebakaran, kematian, serta tuntutan hukum. Manajemen risiko keuangan, di sisi lain, terfokus pada risiko yang dapat dikelola dengan menggunakan instrumen-instrumen keuangan. dari pelaksanaan manajemen risiko adalah untuk mengurangi risiko yang berbeda-beda yang berkaitan dengan bidang yang telah dipilih pada tingkat yang dapat diterima oleh masyarakat. Hal ini dapat berupa berbagai jenis ancaman yang disebabkan oleh lingkungan, teknologi, manusia, organisasi dan politik. Di sisi lain pelaksanaan manajemen risiko melibatkan segala cara yang tersedia bagi manusia, khususnya, bagi entitas manajemen risiko (manusia, staff, dan organisasi). Dalam perkembangannya Risiko-risiko yang dibahas dalam manajemen risiko dapat diklasifikasi menjadi * Risiko Operasional * * * Risiko Strategik Hal ini menimbulkan ide untuk menerapkan pelaksanaan manajemen risiko terintegrasi korporasi. Manajemen risiko dimulai dari proses identifikasi risiko, penilaian risiko, , pengawasan dan evaluasi. La gestión de riesgos (traducción del inglés risk management) es un enfoque estructurado para manejar la incertidumbre relativa a una amenaza a través de una secuencia de actividades humanas que incluyen la identificación, el análisis y la evaluación de riesgo, para luego establecer las estrategias de su tratamiento utilizando recursos gerenciales. Las estrategias incluyen transferir el riesgo a otra parte, evitar el riesgo (esto es, reducir su probabilidad o impacto a 0), reducir el impacto negativo del riesgo y aceptar algunas o todas las consecuencias de un riesgo particular mediante una decisión informada. Algunas veces, el manejo de riesgos se centra en la contención de riesgo por causas físicas o legales (por ejemplo, desastres naturales o incendios, accidentes, muerte o demandas). Por otra parte, la gestión de riesgo financiero se enfoca en los riesgos que pueden ser manejados usando instrumentos financieros y comerciales. El objetivo de la gestión de riesgos es reducir diferentes riesgos relativos a un ámbito preseleccionado a un nivel aceptado por la sociedad. Puede referirse a numerosos tipos de amenazas causadas por el medio ambiente, la tecnología, los seres humanos, las organizaciones y la política. Por otro lado, involucra todos los recursos disponibles de los seres humanos o, en particular, de una entidad de manejo de riesgos (persona, grupo de trabajo, organización). Así, la administración de riesgo empresarial o enterprise risk management (ERM, por sus siglas en inglés) es un proceso realizado por el consejo directivo de una entidad, la administración y el personal de dicha entidad. Se aplica en el establecimiento de estrategias de toda la empresa, diseñada para identificar eventos potenciales que puedan afectar a la entidad y administrar los riesgos para proporcionar una seguridad e integridad razonable referente al logro de objetivos. En la gestión del riesgo en los viajes de empresa, se debe empezar con una evaluación previa del viaje y un análisis de las situaciones que pueden darse durante el desplazamiento. Posteriormente, se diseñarán políticas de reducción de los riesgos detectados y, finalmente, se debe asegurar al Business traveller ante los riesgos no detectados o imposibles de eliminar previamente.​ リスクマネジメント（英語: risk management）とは、JISの定義では「リスクについて，組織を指揮統制するための調整された活動」である。和文表記は危機管理（ききかんり）。 Riskhantering (engelska: Risk management) är ett samlingsnamn för den verksamhet som på ett systematiskt sätt inventerar, analyserar och förebygger olika typer av risker i ett företags verksamhet. Detta syftar till att en verksamhets resurser och inkomstmöjligheter skall skyddas mot skador så att företagets och verksamhetens mål kan nås till en så låg kostnad som möjligt. Risk management, česky zacházení s riziky, je oblast řízení projektů i procesů, která se zabývá zjišťováním a hodnocením jejich nebezpečí a nežádoucích důsledků. Při zahájení každého projektu je důležité stanovit rizika spojená s tímto projektem a nezapomínat, že každý projekt je jedinečný. Než se s projektem začne, je třeba vyhodnotit rizika spojená se špatně definovaným cílem. Důležité je propojení projektu s jinými projekty, včetně časových návazností. Následuji rizika spojená s lidmi, s jejich nedostatečnou kvalifikací a zkušenostmi. Závažné jsou i finanční rizika, včetně časového plánování příjmů a nákladů. Gerenciamento de risco (português brasileiro) ou gestão de risco (português europeu) (GRIS) realiza-se com a adoção de melhores práticas de infraestrutura, políticas e metodologias, permitindo uma melhor gestão dos limites de risco aceitáveis, do capital, da precificação e do gerenciamento da carteira. Risco significa incerteza sobre a ocorrência ou não de uma perda ou prejuízo, e a forma de se controlar os riscos é através de seu gerenciamento. Ser capaz de gerenciar o risco significa "tentar evitar perdas, tentar diminuir a frequência ou severidade de perdas ou pagar as perdas de todos os esforços em contrário", entendendo-se 'frequência de perdas' como a quantidade de vezes que a perda ocorre, enquanto a severidade seria o custo do prejuízo decorrente da perda. Conforme Jorion, no Gerenciamento de Risco financeiro considera-se, em primeira instância, os riscos financeiros que compreendem aqueles que ocasionam ganhos ou perdas de recursos financeiros para instituição. Quanto à volatilidade, são observados resultados inesperados relacionados ao valor de ativos ou passivos de interesse Pode-se classificar os riscos financeiros como estratégicos e não estratégicos. Os estratégicos são aqueles assumidos voluntariamente. Uma cautelosa exposição a esses tipos de riscos é fator fundamental para o sucesso das atividades comerciais. Já os riscos não-estratégicos são aqueles que não podem ser controlados e não condicionam fator estratégico, e por isso denominado desta forma. De acordo com Jorion, instituições financeiras têm, por objetivo principal, gerenciar ativamente os riscos financeiros, assumindo, intermediando e oferecendo conselhos. Compreender os riscos enquanto incertezas inevitáveis trazem aos administradores financeiros meios que prever e minimizar eventos adversos, estando preparados de maneira mais eficiente. E, conforme o autor, o aumento da volatilidade dos mercados financeiros, no começo dos anos 1970, trazia uma única constante em relação a todos os fatos ocorridos, que é a imprevisibilidade, em que rápidas mudanças do cenário econômico geravam grandes perdas financeiras. O gerenciamento de risco, neste sentido, fornece proteção parcial contra essas fontes de risco. Corporações assumem posturas de gerenciamento de risco mais ativas, segundo Crouhy, Galai e Mark , onde risco sempre foi um elemento relevante nas tomadas decisões de novos investimentos. Ao desconsiderar projetos mais arriscados, as organizações podem perder oportunidades com excelentes retornos. O problema maior é como quantificar os riscos, precificando-os adequadamente. Para Juvenil Alves, da Casa do Contribuinte, Gerenciamento de Risco Tributário tem o seguinte conceito: Gerenciamento de Risco Tributário. Consiste em conhecer e identificar as rotinas tributárias de um contribuinte e suas escriturações, para cotejando-as com o sistema legal (leis e outros aparatos legais), com a jurisprudência e com tendências futuras de entendimentos, possa identificar eventuais distorções, evitando aplicação de multas, processos criminais e perdas patrimoniais, para sócios, administradores e contadores. Das Risikomanagement übernimmt in Unternehmen das Management von Unternehmensrisiken durch deren Risikoidentifikation, Risikoanalyse, Risikoquantifizierung, Risikoaggregation, Risikobeurteilung, Risikobewertung, Risikokommunikation und abschließende Risikobewältigung. Risicobeheer of risicomanagement is een continu proces dat ten aanzien van de doelstelling risico's identificeert, beoordeelt en vervolgstappen definieert. Er zijn verschillende gebieden waarop risicomanagement toegepast kan worden; financieel risicomanagement richt zich op het beheersen van financiële risico's, projectrisicomanagement richt zich op het beheersen van risico's in het realiseren van grote projecten. Belangrijk is in hoeverre er sprake is van een meetbaar risico of een onmeetbare onzekerheid, meer specifiek Knightiaanse onzekerheid. Управление рисками — процесс принятия и выполнения управленческих решений, направленных на снижение вероятности возникновения неблагоприятного результата и минимизацию возможных потерь проекта, вызванных его реализацией. В современной экономической науке нет одного устоявшегося определения категории риск, а существует несколько традиций определения, опирающихся на разные родовые категории определения, поэтому под риском могут понимать: * вероятность неполучения желаемого результата или * факт вероятного события, в результате наступления которого могут произойти только нейтральные или отрицательные последствия или же * ожидаемую величину ущерба, объект возможной потери, деятельность наудачу, оценки уверенности прогноза и т. п. Цель управления рисками в сфере экономики — повышение конкурентоспособности хозяйствующих субъектов с помощью защиты от реализации чистых рисков. Risk management is the identification, evaluation, and prioritization of risks (defined in ISO 31000 as the effect of uncertainty on objectives) followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities. Risks can come from various sources including uncertainty in international markets, threats from project failures (at any phase in design, development, production, or sustaining of life-cycles), legal liabilities, credit risk, accidents, natural causes and disasters, deliberate attack from an adversary, or events of uncertain or unpredictable root-cause. There are two types of events i.e. negative events can be classified as risks while positive events are classified as opportunities. Risk management standards have been developed by various institutions, including the Project Management Institute, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, actuarial societies, and ISO standards. Methods, definitions and goals vary widely according to whether the risk management method is in the context of project management, security, engineering, industrial processes, financial portfolios, actuarial assessments, or public health and safety.Certain risk management standards have been criticized for having no measurable improvement on risk, whereas the confidence in estimates and decisions seems to increase. Strategies to manage threats (uncertainties with negative consequences) typically include avoiding the threat, reducing the negative effect or probability of the threat, transferring all or part of the threat to another party, and even retaining some or all of the potential or actual consequences of a particular threat. The opposite of these strategies can be used to respond to opportunities (uncertain future states with benefits). As a professional role, a Risk Manager will "oversee the organization's comprehensive insurance and risk management program, assessing and identifying risks that could impede the reputation, safety, security, or financial success of the organization", and then develop plans to minimize and / or mitigate any negative (financial) outcomes. Risk Analysts support the technical side of the organization's risk management approach: once risk data has been compiled and evaluated, analysts share their findings with their managers, who use those insights to decide among possible solutions. See also Chief Risk Officer, internal audit, and Financial risk management § Corporate finance. Η διαχείριση κινδύνου είναι κεντρικός πυρήνας της στρατηγικής διαχείρισης κάθε . Είναι η διεργασία με την οποία οι οργανισμοί προσεγγίζουν μεθοδικά τους κινδύνους που σχετίζονται με τις δραστηριότητές τους, με σκοπό την επίτευξη σε κάθε δραστηριότητα. Το επίκεντρο της καλής διαχείρισης κινδύνου είναι η αναγνώριση και ο χειρισμός αυτών των κινδύνων. Αυξάνει την πιθανότητα επιτυχίας των συνολικών στόχων του οργανισμού. Η αξιολόγηση των κινδύνων μπορεί να αποκαλύψει ήδη από τα αρχικά στάδια αν αξίζει ή όχι να ασχοληθεί ο οργανισμός με μια προσφορά. Υπάρχουν αναπτυγμένες διαδικασίες για τη διαχείριση κινδύνων ως μια διαρκή διαδικασία σε όλη την έκταση του έργου. Η εφαρμογή της διαχείρισης κινδύνων μπορεί να γίνει σε όλα τα έργα, από τα πολύ μικρά (που υλοποιούνται από ένα άτομο) έως τα πολύ μεγάλα και πολύπλοκα. Πολλά προβλήματα μπορούν να αντιμετωπιστούν εκ των προτέρων και να δώσουν την ευκαιρία στον διαχειριστή έργου να προσδιορίσει συγκεκριμένη πορεία. Ри́зик-ме́неджмент — це , яка включає в себе стратегію та тактику управління, направлені на досягнення основних бізнес-цілей банку. Ефективний ризик-менеджмент включає: * систему управління; * систему ідентифікації і вимірювання; * систему супроводження (моніторингу та контролю). Сучасна економічна наука представляє ризик як вірогідну подію, в результаті настання якої можуть відбутися позитивні, нейтральні або негативні наслідки. Якщо ризик припускає наявність як позитивних, так і негативних результатів, він відноситься до спекулятивних ризиків. Якщо ж наслідки негативні, або відсутні взагалі, такий ризик іменується чистим. Мета ризик-менеджменту у сфері економіки - підвищення конкурентоспроможності господарюючих суб'єктів за допомогою захисту від реалізації чистих ризиків. Zarządzanie ryzykiem – według międzynarodowej normy ISO 31000:2009, oraz polskiej normy PN-ISO 31000:2018-08 skoordynowane działania dotyczące kierowania i nadzorowania organizacją w odniesieniu do ryzyka.

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