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Shakers Shakers Shakers Shakeři Shakers 震教徒 Ŝejkeroj Shakers Shakers Creyentes Shaker (Religion) Szejkersi Shakers Шейкеры シェーカー (キリスト教)
rdfs:comment
Die Shaker (englisch für „Schüttler“) sind eine christliche Freikirche in den USA, die aus dem Quäkertum hervorgegangen ist. Ihr eigentlicher Name lautet United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing. Die Mitglieder bezeichnen sich selbst einfach als „the Believers“ („die Gläubigen“). Die Bezeichnung „Shaker“ leitet sich von dem rituellen Schütteltanz her, der bei ihnen als eine Form der Verehrung Gottes gilt, und ist eine Zusammenziehung aus Shaking Quakers. The United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, more commonly known as the Shakers, are a millenarian restorationist Christian sect founded c. 1747 in England and then organized in the United States in the 1780s. They were initially known as "Shaking Quakers" because of their ecstatic behavior during worship services. Espousing egalitarian ideals, women took on spiritual leadership roles alongside men, including founding leaders such as Jane Wardley, Ann Lee, and Lucy Wright. The Shakers emigrated from England and settled in Revolutionary colonial America, with an initial settlement at Watervliet, New York (present-day Colonie), in 1774. They practice a celibate and communal utopian lifestyle, pacifism, uniform charismatic worship, and their model of equality of the sexes, wh Shakers från engelskans shake (skaka) är en särpräglad asketisk protestantisk frikyrkorörelse eller sekt som ursprungligen uppstod i England. År 1716 ska några franska botpredikanter under inflytande av kväkare och franska hugenotter på flykt ha predikat världens undergång. Shakers fick sitt namn eftersom de under sina böner kom i skakningar eller extatiska tillstånd. Shakeři či šejkři (anglicky Shakers z to shake = třásti se), je dnes již téměř vymřelá křesťanská církev v USA, oficiálně zvaná Společnost věřících v Kristův druhý příchod (The United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Coming) a vycházející z kvakerství. Hnutí založila kvakerská aktivistka , která v 70. letech 18. století emigrovala z Británie do Ameriky. Název „shakeři“ byl původně posměšným označením, které naráželo na extatický tanec konaný členy během bohoslužeb. Shakeři žili v celibátu, odděleně muži a ženy, a měli společný majetek, takže se v mnohém podobali mnišským řádům. Největšího rozmachu církev dosáhla kolem poloviny 19. století, kdy měli asi 6000 členů. Posléze ale začalo členů ubývat, hlavně proto, že shakeři nesměli mít děti. K úpadku přispělo také zřizování státních si Les Shakers sont les membres d'une branche du protestantisme issue des Quakers, née au début du XVIIIe siècle, sous le nom d’"Organisation de la Société Unie des Croyants dans la Deuxième apparition du Christ (United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, USBSCA)". シェーカー（英語: Shakers）は、またの名をキリスト再臨信仰者協会（United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing）というアメリカ合衆国のキリスト教の宗派で、独身主義と共同生活を特徴とする。 独立戦争時代のアメリカではじまり、最盛期の1840年代にはメイン州からケンタッキー州にいたる19の共同体に約6000人が暮らしていたが、その後は衰退した。2019年現在、共同体はメイン州サバスデイレイクにひとつだけ残る。かつての共同体の多くは博物館になっている。 Shakers, ou também denominada Sociedade Unida dos Crentes na Segunda Aparição de Cristo, é uma seita religiosa cristã, milinarista, não trinitária, restauracionista, fundada aproximadamente em 1747, na Inglaterra,, a partir de uma cisão da uma comunidade Quaker. Eles eram conhecidos como "Shaking Quakers" por causa de seu comportamento frenético durante os cultos. Com base nos ideais igualitários de seus integrantes, as mulheres assumiram papéis de liderança espiritual ao lado dos homens, incluindo líderes fundadoras como Jane Wardley, Ann Lee e Lucy Wright. Szejkersi (lub Szejkerzy, ang. Shakers) – protestancka grupa religijna, nazwana oficjalnie: Zjednoczone Towarzystwo Wyznawców Powtórnego Przyjścia Chrystusa. To wyjątkowe wyznanie protestanckie, nakazujące celibat. Объединённое сообщество верующих во Второе Пришествие Христа (англ. United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing — USBCSA), более известное как шейкеры (устар. шекеры) (англ. Shakers, букв. «трясущиеся»), также трясуны — милленаристская реставрационистская христианская религиозная организация, основанная в XVIII веке в Северо-Западной Англии как Wardley Society, а затем переместившаяся в колониальную Северную Америку. Первоначально эта организация отделилась от протестантского религиозного движения квакеров, и в Англии её членов часто называли «трясущимися квакерами» (Shaking Quakers), поскольку они открыто практиковали экстатические танцы во время богослужений, а затем в Америке стали называть просто «трясущимися» — шейкерами. La ŝejkeroj, kies membroj estas konitaj kiel la Unuiĝinta societo de kredantoj je la dua apero de Kristo (angle: Shakers aŭ Shaking Quakers) estis religia organizo el Usono fondita en 1747. Ĝi estis komence priskribita kiel branĉo de la protestantaj kvakeroj. Fondita sur la instruado de , la grupo estis konita pro emfazo sur la seksa egaleco, la malakcepto de la geedzeco kaj sindeteno de la kopulacio, kio rezultis je hasta febliĝo je nombro ĝis formorto. Gli Shakers, conosciuti anche con il nome di Società Unita dei Credenti nella Seconda Apparizione del Cristo, sono i membri di un ramo del calvinismo puritano dei quaccheri nato nel primo Settecento. La Sociedad Unida de Creyentes en la Segunda Aparición de Cristo, conocidos como Shakers (Sacudidos) o Shaking Quakers (Cuáqueros sacudidos), es una organización religiosa originalmente descrita como una rama de los cuáqueros protestantes. Fundada sobre las enseñanzas de Ann Lee (1736-1784), el grupo fue conocido por su énfasis en la igualdad social, el celibato y el rechazo del matrimonio, lo cual llevó a su precipitado declive en número después de que se redujera su gran participación en el funcionamiento de orfanatos. 震教徒（Shakers），又称为震教教友会教徒（Shaking Quakers），属于基督再现信徒联合会，18世纪始建于英格兰，是贵格会的支派。1774年由安·李（Ann Lee，1736年—1784年）建立，现已基本消亡。 震教徒的赞美诗、灵歌、舞蹈等祈祷音乐非常著名，有着大量的相关整理和研究。这些音乐往往在一名震教徒突发宗教灵感的时候产生，并在震教徒集会上演唱或演奏，震教徒会在这种集会上集体震颤身体，也同样是由某一名震教徒开头，然后迅速波及所有的人。 震教徒的音乐采用独特的记谱法，近似于美国海滨地区的原始方法。歌词有英文，也有黑人及印第安人语言，或者没有任何意义的词汇。 美国作曲家阿隆·科普兰曾在其作品《》中引用震教徒歌曲《朴实无华的礼物》（Simple Gifts）。美国简约派作曲家约翰·亚当斯作有弦乐七重奏（后改编为弦乐队作品）《震教徒之环》（Shaker Loops）。
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Shakeři či šejkři (anglicky Shakers z to shake = třásti se), je dnes již téměř vymřelá křesťanská církev v USA, oficiálně zvaná Společnost věřících v Kristův druhý příchod (The United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Coming) a vycházející z kvakerství. Hnutí založila kvakerská aktivistka , která v 70. letech 18. století emigrovala z Británie do Ameriky. Název „shakeři“ byl původně posměšným označením, které naráželo na extatický tanec konaný členy během bohoslužeb. Shakeři žili v celibátu, odděleně muži a ženy, a měli společný majetek, takže se v mnohém podobali mnišským řádům. Největšího rozmachu církev dosáhla kolem poloviny 19. století, kdy měli asi 6000 členů. Posléze ale začalo členů ubývat, hlavně proto, že shakeři nesměli mít děti. K úpadku přispělo také zřizování státních sirotčinců, takže shakeři neměli dostatek dětí k adopci. Poslední shakerská komunita se nachází v Sabbathday Lake ve státě Maine. V roce 2012 ji tvořili tři členové: sestra June Carpenter, sestra Frances Carr a bratr Arnold Hadd. Čtvrtý člen, bratr Wayne Smith, komunitu opustil v roce 2006 poté, co se zamiloval do novinářky, která o posledních shakerech přijela udělat reportáž. Die Shaker (englisch für „Schüttler“) sind eine christliche Freikirche in den USA, die aus dem Quäkertum hervorgegangen ist. Ihr eigentlicher Name lautet United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing. Die Mitglieder bezeichnen sich selbst einfach als „the Believers“ („die Gläubigen“). Die Bezeichnung „Shaker“ leitet sich von dem rituellen Schütteltanz her, der bei ihnen als eine Form der Verehrung Gottes gilt, und ist eine Zusammenziehung aus Shaking Quakers. Gli Shakers, conosciuti anche con il nome di Società Unita dei Credenti nella Seconda Apparizione del Cristo, sono i membri di un ramo del calvinismo puritano dei quaccheri nato nel primo Settecento. 震教徒（Shakers），又称为震教教友会教徒（Shaking Quakers），属于基督再现信徒联合会，18世纪始建于英格兰，是贵格会的支派。1774年由安·李（Ann Lee，1736年—1784年）建立，现已基本消亡。 震教徒的赞美诗、灵歌、舞蹈等祈祷音乐非常著名，有着大量的相关整理和研究。这些音乐往往在一名震教徒突发宗教灵感的时候产生，并在震教徒集会上演唱或演奏，震教徒会在这种集会上集体震颤身体，也同样是由某一名震教徒开头，然后迅速波及所有的人。 震教徒的音乐采用独特的记谱法，近似于美国海滨地区的原始方法。歌词有英文，也有黑人及印第安人语言，或者没有任何意义的词汇。 美国作曲家阿隆·科普兰曾在其作品《》中引用震教徒歌曲《朴实无华的礼物》（Simple Gifts）。美国简约派作曲家约翰·亚当斯作有弦乐七重奏（后改编为弦乐队作品）《震教徒之环》（Shaker Loops）。 La ŝejkeroj, kies membroj estas konitaj kiel la Unuiĝinta societo de kredantoj je la dua apero de Kristo (angle: Shakers aŭ Shaking Quakers) estis religia organizo el Usono fondita en 1747. Ĝi estis komence priskribita kiel branĉo de la protestantaj kvakeroj. Fondita sur la instruado de , la grupo estis konita pro emfazo sur la seksa egaleco, la malakcepto de la geedzeco kaj sindeteno de la kopulacio, kio rezultis je hasta febliĝo je nombro ĝis formorto. Shakers från engelskans shake (skaka) är en särpräglad asketisk protestantisk frikyrkorörelse eller sekt som ursprungligen uppstod i England. År 1716 ska några franska botpredikanter under inflytande av kväkare och franska hugenotter på flykt ha predikat världens undergång. Shakers fick sitt namn eftersom de under sina böner kom i skakningar eller extatiska tillstånd. År 1758 anslöts sig Ann Lee till rörelsen. Ann Lee blev shakers andliga ledare och profet som föregav att hon fått gudomlig uppenbarelse. Ann Lee och hennes trosfränder var invecklade i flera rättsliga processer, varefter de 1774 beslöt att utvandra till USA. Ann Lee och åtta trosfränder anlände till New York den 6 augusti samma år. Trots att medlemmarna vid ankomsten vägrade svära eden och att de var inblandade i flera rättsprocesser, tillväxte skaran. Moder Ann Lee som hon kallades, förklarade sig odödlig med ny uppenbarelse av Kristus. The believers in Christ second appearing (de, som tro på Kristi andra återfödelse)Deras lära antar sexuell dualism hos Gud, uppenbarad i Jesus och moder Ann. Celibat fordrades, likaså kristlig kommunism och tro på . År 1776 köpte de mark i i delstaten New York, och grundade där ett samhälle. De grundade fram till mitten av 1800-talet ett flertal blomstrande samhällen, bland annat i Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio, New York, Maine, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Massachusetts. Eftersom shakers levde i celibat kunde rörelsen bara fortleva genom nyrekrytering. Det förekom att shakers adopterade föräldralösa barn, men det förbjöds 1960. Under 1900-talet var det färre och färre som anslöt sig, och i dag finns det bara några enstaka shakers kvar. 2017 var de två till antalet, bosatta i Sabbathday Lake i Maine. Объединённое сообщество верующих во Второе Пришествие Христа (англ. United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing — USBCSA), более известное как шейкеры (устар. шекеры) (англ. Shakers, букв. «трясущиеся»), также трясуны — милленаристская реставрационистская христианская религиозная организация, основанная в XVIII веке в Северо-Западной Англии как Wardley Society, а затем переместившаяся в колониальную Северную Америку. Первоначально эта организация отделилась от протестантского религиозного движения квакеров, и в Англии её членов часто называли «трясущимися квакерами» (Shaking Quakers), поскольку они открыто практиковали экстатические танцы во время богослужений, а затем в Америке стали называть просто «трясущимися» — шейкерами. Основательница USBCSA Анна Ли считала «похотливые удовольствия» корнем всякого зла и призывала верующих к полному воздержанию. Другим корнем зла в шейкеризме считается алчность, потому в 1793 году было принято решение об установлении религиозного коммунизма и обобществлении собственности полных членов сообщества. Также шейкеры должны соблюдать довольно строгое отделение от окружающего мирского общества. Для этих целей они успешно создали более 20 трудовых коммун-поселений в нескольких североамериканских штатах. Среди основных нравственных ценностей шейкеризма также стоит отметить признание равенства всех людей перед Богом и неприятие дискриминации, простоту жизни, честность, недопустимость клятвы или присяги, пацифизм, трудолюбие, духовную и физическую чистоту. Из-за них шейкеры во времена войны за независимость и гражданской войны в США сохраняли нейтралитет и не брали оружие, но помогали раненым солдатам и дезертирам обеих сторон. Уникальным среди христианских религиозных организаций того времени было признание равенства полов и назначение женщин на главные руководящие должности. Уже с 1747 года Wardley Society и USBCSA возглавляли женщины — Матушки: вначале и Анна Ли, позднее . Расцвет движения и творчества шейкеров пришёлся на 1837—1850-е годы, когда количество полных членов сообщества доходило до примерно шести тысяч человек, а всех жителей шейкерских поселений — до двухсот тысяч. Тогда же появились основные религиозные рисунки, танцы и песни шейкеров. Из-за строгого целибата у шейкеров не могли родиться дети, но они охотно принимали на воспитание сирот и подкидышей, пока усыновление детей религиозными группами не было запрещено в США в середине XX века. Шейкеры не отвергали научно-технический прогресс, на их мануфактурах и фермах применялись новейшие в то время технологии и оборудование. Они даже сделали несколько изобретений (циркулярная пила, плоский веник и другие) и множество технических усовершенствований, но по религиозным соображениям не стали патентовать их. В результате в период рассвета шейкеры полностью обеспечивали себя пищей за счёт своего сельского хозяйства, а также производили для собственных нужд и на продажу мебель, коробки, ткани, одежду и другие товары. Но и при таком техническом оснащении шейкерские мануфактуры не смогли конкурировать с крупными высокотехнологичными промышленными предприятиями, появившимися в США во второй половине XIX — начале XX века. Это экономически ослабило шейкеров, их дела пошли на спад, и в 1920 году осталось только 12 действующих коммун шейкеров, а с 1992 года по настоящее время действует только одна: в штате Мэн. В 2017 году в ней осталось только двое последних в мире шейкеров, но они ещё надеются привлечь новообращённых. Многие другие коммуны шейкеров стали музеями и историческими местами США. Shakers, ou também denominada Sociedade Unida dos Crentes na Segunda Aparição de Cristo, é uma seita religiosa cristã, milinarista, não trinitária, restauracionista, fundada aproximadamente em 1747, na Inglaterra,, a partir de uma cisão da uma comunidade Quaker. Eles eram conhecidos como "Shaking Quakers" por causa de seu comportamento frenético durante os cultos. Com base nos ideais igualitários de seus integrantes, as mulheres assumiram papéis de liderança espiritual ao lado dos homens, incluindo líderes fundadoras como Jane Wardley, Ann Lee e Lucy Wright. Em 1774, os Shakers iniciaram uma migração da Inglaterra para as colônias britânicas na América do Norte, inicialmente, com um assentamento em Watervliet, Nova Iorque (atual Colônia, no Condado de Albany (Nova Iorque)). Eles adotaram um estilo de vida utópico celibatário, comunitário, pacifista, com um culto carismático uniforme e de igualdade entre os sexos, que eles institucionalizaram em sua sociedade na década de 1780. Eles também são conhecidos por sua vida simples, por seu estilo arquitetônico, inovação tecnológica, música e móveis típicos. Entre 1837 e meados de 1850, os passaram por um avivamento espiritual marcado por visões e experiências de êxtase entre os seguidores. Nesse período, expressaram suas revelações espirituais em canções, danças e desenhos. Em meados do século XIX, chegaram a existir entre 2.000 e 4.000 shakers, que viviam em 18 grandes comunidades e outras diversas comunidades menores, sendo que muitas delas tiveram curta duração. Mudanças sociais externas e internas, em meados e no final do século XIX, resultaram no enfraquecimento das comunidades Shakers. Nesse contexto, o número de integrantes que morriam ou abandonavam as comunidades, passou a ser superior ao número de novos integrantes. Desse modo, em 1920, havia apenas 12 comunidades shakers remanescentes nos Estados Unidos. Um dos fatores que contribuiu para esse enfraquecimento, foi o fato de que tratavam de comunidades celibatárias, portanto não tinham filhos e dependiam de novas conversões. Para compensar a ausência de filhos, algumas comunidades acolhiam órfãos ou crianças de famílias carentes, mas poucos desses permaneciam nas comunidades após atingir a idade adulta. Outro aspecto, é que não fazem atividades para atrair novos adeptos e dificilmente aceitavam candidatos que procuram ingressar nas comunidades. Em 2019, havia apenas uma comundade shaker ativa: Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village, no Estado do Maine, que tinha apenas dois integrantes . Muitas das instalações dos antigos assentamentos shakers foram convertidas em museus. The United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, more commonly known as the Shakers, are a millenarian restorationist Christian sect founded c. 1747 in England and then organized in the United States in the 1780s. They were initially known as "Shaking Quakers" because of their ecstatic behavior during worship services. Espousing egalitarian ideals, women took on spiritual leadership roles alongside men, including founding leaders such as Jane Wardley, Ann Lee, and Lucy Wright. The Shakers emigrated from England and settled in Revolutionary colonial America, with an initial settlement at Watervliet, New York (present-day Colonie), in 1774. They practice a celibate and communal utopian lifestyle, pacifism, uniform charismatic worship, and their model of equality of the sexes, which they institutionalized in their society in the 1780s. They are also known for their simple living, architecture, technological innovation, music, and furniture. During the mid-19th century, an Era of Manifestations resulted in a period of dances, gift drawings, and gift songs inspired by spiritual revelations. At its peak in the mid-19th century, there were 2,000–4,000 Shaker believers living in 18 major communities and numerous smaller, often short-lived communities. External and internal societal changes in the mid- and late-19th century resulted in the thinning of the Shaker community as members left or died with few converts to the faith to replace them. By 1920, there were only 12 Shaker communities remaining in the United States. As of 2019, there is only one active Shaker village: Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village, in Maine. Consequently, many of the other Shaker settlements are now museums. La Sociedad Unida de Creyentes en la Segunda Aparición de Cristo, conocidos como Shakers (Sacudidos) o Shaking Quakers (Cuáqueros sacudidos), es una organización religiosa originalmente descrita como una rama de los cuáqueros protestantes. Fundada sobre las enseñanzas de Ann Lee (1736-1784), el grupo fue conocido por su énfasis en la igualdad social, el celibato y el rechazo del matrimonio, lo cual llevó a su precipitado declive en número después de que se redujera su gran participación en el funcionamiento de orfanatos. Los líderes de los shakers profetizaron que Jesucristo volvería (provocando el fin del mundo) en 1792. Vendría como un ladrón, sin que nadie pudiera preverlo.​Cuando pasó este año sin que nada sucediera, los pastores volvieron a vaticinar que el Juicio Final sucedería en 1794.​ Con algunos supervivientes en la actualidad, son conocidos por sus contribuciones culturales (sobre todo en el estilo de música y la ebanistería). Szejkersi (lub Szejkerzy, ang. Shakers) – protestancka grupa religijna, nazwana oficjalnie: Zjednoczone Towarzystwo Wyznawców Powtórnego Przyjścia Chrystusa. To wyjątkowe wyznanie protestanckie, nakazujące celibat. シェーカー（英語: Shakers）は、またの名をキリスト再臨信仰者協会（United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing）というアメリカ合衆国のキリスト教の宗派で、独身主義と共同生活を特徴とする。 独立戦争時代のアメリカではじまり、最盛期の1840年代にはメイン州からケンタッキー州にいたる19の共同体に約6000人が暮らしていたが、その後は衰退した。2019年現在、共同体はメイン州サバスデイレイクにひとつだけ残る。かつての共同体の多くは博物館になっている。 Les Shakers sont les membres d'une branche du protestantisme issue des Quakers, née au début du XVIIIe siècle, sous le nom d’"Organisation de la Société Unie des Croyants dans la Deuxième apparition du Christ (United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, USBSCA)".
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Category:Shakers
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The Shakers Harvesting Their Famous Herbs The Ritual Dance of the Shakers, Shaker Historical Society
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Q1370167
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United Society of Believers
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The Shakers harvesting their famous herbs.jpg The Ritual Dance of the Shakers.jpg
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Shaker Historical Society Life of the Diligent Shaker,
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250
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English
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no
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no
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Touring Shaker country
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250
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Shaker
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Shakerism
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3
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The Bible, various Shaker texts
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