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Teoria Teorio Theory Теорія Théorie Teori Θεωρία Teoria Teoria 理論 Teori Teoria Theorie Теория Teorie 이론 نظرية Theorie 理論 Teoría Teoria

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Teoria fenomeno bati buruzko pentsamendu abstraktuaren mota arrazional bat da, edo pentsamendu horren emaitza. Pentsamendu kontenplatibo eta arrazionalaren prozesua behaketa edo ikerketa bezalako prozesuekin lotuta egon ohi da. Teoriak zientifikoak izan daitezke, diziplina ez-zientifiko batekoak edo ezein diziplinatakoak ez direnak. Testuinguruaren arabera, teoria baten baieztapenetan, adibidez, naturaren funtzionamenduari buruzko azalpen orokorrak sar daitezke. Hitzak antzinako grezieran ditu sustraiak, baina erabilera modernoan hainbat esanahi hartu ditu. النظرية. لها عدد من المعاني المختلفة باختلاف الفرع التي تستخدم به هذه الكلمة. بشكل عام، تكون النظرية نوعا من التفسير لشرح كيفية حدوث ظاهرة طبيعية، بشرط تحقق حدوث هذه الظاهرة وعدم وجود نزاع في حدوثها، تأتي الآن النظرية لتشرح آلية حدوث هذه الظواهر وتكون بشكل عام عرضة للصواب والخطأ، لكن التماسك المنطقي والرياضي للنظرية ثم شرحها لأكبر عدد ممكن من النتائج التجريبية يدعم النظرية ويعطيها تأكيدا أكثر فأكثر. Il termine teoria (dal greco θεωρέω theoréo "guardo, osservo", composto da θέα thèa, "spettacolo" e ὁράω horào, "vedo") indica, nel linguaggio comune, un'idea nata in base ad una qualche ipotesi, congettura, speculazione o supposizione, anche astratte rispetto alla realtà. La stessa etimologia si trova nel termine teoresi anch'esso col significato di opposto alla prassi, ma mentre la teoria può prevedere o auspicare un'applicazione pratica, la teoresi la esclude a priori 理論（英語：Theory），又稱學說或學說理論，指人類對自然、社會現象，按照已有的實證知識、經驗、事實、法則、認知以及經過驗證的假說，經由一般化與演繹推理等等的方法，進行合乎邏輯的推論性總結。 接近科学的学说是科学的，反之则是违背科学的或者说伪科学；任何自然科学的产生，源自对自然现象观察。人類藉由觀察實際存在的現象或邏輯推論，而得到某種學說。任何學說在未經社會實踐或科學試驗證明以前，只能屬於假說。如果假說能藉由大量可重現的觀察與實驗而驗證，並為眾多科學家認定，這項假說就可被稱為科学理論。 Ως θεωρία γενικά εννοείται: * ένα ολοκληρωμένο σύστημα ιδεών και προτάσεων που προσεγγίζει ένα ζήτημα από αφηρημένη ή συγκεκριμένη οπτική γωνία. Πρόκειται για τη θεωρία υπό την οπτική γωνία της φιλοσοφίας, δηλαδή ένα σύνολο ισχυρισμών, ουσιαστικά αξιωμάτων, που οδηγούν σε συμπεράσματα, ή υποστηρίζουν συμπεράσματα για τη φύση του κόσμου. * μία υπόθεση για την ερμηνεία ενός προβλήματος. * αναλυτική δομή που έχει ως στόχο της την ερμηνεία ενός συνόλου παρατηρήσεων, ταυτοποιώντας το σύνολο των διακριτών παρατηρήσεων ως τάξη φαινομένων και επιβεβαιώνοντας την υποκείμενη πραγματικότητα που επιδρά ή επηρεάζει αυτή την τάξη φαινομένων. Ο όρος θεωρείται πως προέρχεται από τον αρχαιοελληνικό θεωρία, που σημαίνει θέαση και ενατένιση. Προτάθηκε, επίσης, η άποψη πως το θεωρία προέρχεται από τη λέξη Teorio estas ĝenerala ideo formata pere de racia abstraktado. En la sciencoj (krom matematiko), teorio estas modelo aŭ kadro por kompreni, konceptita tiel, ke eksperimento povas liveri empirian verŝajnigon aŭ malpruvon pri ĝi. Laŭ Karl Popper, nur tiaj teorioj estas sciencaj, kvankam ne ĉiuj scienco-filozofoj konsentas pri tio. Ĉiu scienca scio estas kadre de iu teorio. Teorio estas la plej kredinda speco de scienca scio. Ĝi tamen ne estas absolute pruvebla kiel vero, kaj povas ĉiam esti repensita aŭ plibonigita. Teorio estas provizora klarigo pri faktoj. Evoluo de specioj estas fakto, akumulo (ekonomio) estas fakto. Kiel tiuj faktoj okazis, estas teorio. Abstraktaj modeloj elpensitaj en nesciencaj fakoj, aŭ eĉ eksterfake, ankaŭ nomiĝas teorioj. Una teoría (del griego theōría​) es un sistema lógico-deductivo (o inductivo)​ constituido por un conjunto de hipótesis, un campo de aplicación (de lo que trata la teoría, el conjunto de cosas que explica) y algunas reglas que permitan extraer consecuencias de las hipótesis. En general, las teorías sirven para confeccionar modelos científicos que interpreten un conjunto amplio de observaciones, en función de los axiomas o principios, supuestos, postulados y consecuencias lógicas congruentes con la teoría. A theory is a rational type of abstract thinking about a phenomenon, or the results of such thinking. The process of contemplative and rational thinking is often associated with such processes as observational study or research. Theories may be scientific, belong to a non-scientific discipline, or no discipline at all. Depending on the context, a theory's assertions might, for example, include generalized explanations of how nature works. The word has its roots in ancient Greek, but in modern use it has taken on several related meanings. Тео́рія (від грец. θεωρία — розгляд, дослідження) — висновків, що відображає відносини і зв'язки між явищами реальності у вигляді інформаційної моделі. Теорією стає гіпотеза, що має відтворюване підтвердження явищ та механізмів і дозволяє спостерігачу прогнозувати наслідки дій чи зміни стану об'єкта спостережень. Теорія лежить в основі вчення. Наприклад, еволюційне вчення базується на теорії трансформізму, змінності видів. Тео́рия (греч. θεωρία «рассмотрение, исследование») — упорядоченная и обоснованная система взглядов, суждений, положений, позволяющая адекватно объяснять факты, анализировать процессы, прогнозировать и регулировать их развитие; уровень познания, на котором обобщаются и систематизируются знания о предмете исследования и формулируются понятия, категории, суждения, умозаключения. 理論（りろん、英: theory、セオリー, 仏: théorie, 独: Theorie）とは、「個々の現象を法則的、統一的に説明できるように筋道を立てて組み立てられた知識の体系」。自然科学（応用科学含む）、人文科学、社会科学などの科学または学問において用いられている。 Teori adalah serangkaian bagian atau variabel, definisi dan dalil yang saling berhubungan yang menghadirkan sebuah pandangan sistematis mengenai fenomena dengan menentukan hubungan antarvariabel, dengan maksud menjelaskan fenomena alamiah. Labovitz dan Hagedorn mendefinisikan teori sebagai ide pemikiran “pemikiran teoritis” yang mereka definisikan sebagai “menentukan” bagaimana dan mengapa variabel-variabel dan pernyataan hubungan dapat saling berhubungan. Teorie je poznatek či soubor poznatků o nějakém předmětu, k nimž se dospělo pomocí uvažování. Opakem či doplňkem teorie je tedy praktické, empirické poznání, fakt. (Teorie samozřejmě má z dostupných faktů vycházet, ale důležité je, že je pomocí myšlení zpracovává do pokud možno uchopitelného a koherentního celku.) Teorie se může týkat prakticky libovolného předmětu poznání, například existuje teorie šachových zahájení, teorie kontrapunktu v hudbě, teorie grup v matematice, teorie vědy ve filozofii nebo . Zvláštní význam má teorie v přírodních vědách, která umožňuje rozvoj poznání a ovládání přírody. Een theorie is een geheel van denkbeelden, hypothesen en verklaringen die in onderlinge samenhang worden beschreven. In de wetenschap is een theorie vaak een getoetst model ter verklaring van waarnemingen van de werkelijkheid. Teoria (do grego θεωρία, transl. theoria: 'contemplação', 'reflexão', 'introspecção', de θεωρέω, tranl. theoréo, 'olho', 'observo', composto por θέα, thea, 'espetáculo', por sua vez derivado de θαῦμα, thâuma, 'visão', e ὁράω, horao, 'vejo') indica, na linguagem comum (ou seja, não-científica), uma ideia nascida com base em alguma hipótese, conjectura, especulação ou suposição, mesmo abstrata, sobre a realidade. Também designa o conhecimento descritivo puramente racional ou a forma de pensar e entender algum fenômeno a partir da observação. Na Grécia antiga, teoria significava "festa solene, procissão ou embaixada que as cidades helênicas enviavam para representá-las nos jogos olímpicos ou para consultar os oráculos". Eine Theorie ist im allgemeinen Sprachgebrauch eine durch spekulatives Denken gewonnene Erkenntnis oder ein System von Lehrsätzen, aus denen sich eine Erkenntnis ableiten lässt. In der modernen wissenschaftlichen Diskussion ist eine Theorie eine Menge wissenschaftlich begründeter Aussagen, die dazu dient, Gesetzmäßigkeiten zu erklären und Prognosen über die Zukunft zu erstellen. Viele Fachdisziplinen, wie etwa die Physik führen seit dem 19. Jahrhundert eigene Theoriedebatten. Die Frage nach dem Geltungsbereichen und der Bestätigung oder Verifikation von Theorien wird in der Wissenschaftstheorie behandelt. Einen speziellen formalen Theoriebegriff verfolgt die mathematische Logik (siehe auch Theorie (Logik)). Una teoria és un model de la realitat, usat per a racionalitzar, explicar i predir fenòmens. Cal no confondre teoria amb teorema. De vegades es presenta oposada a la pràctica i ambdues poden ser complementàries, no necessàriament excloents. En teori är resultatet av ett kontemplativt och rationellt abstrakt, eller generaliserande tankearbete. Beroende av kontext kan resultatet exempelvis utgöra en generaliserande förklaring på hur något komplext fungerar. Ordet har sitt ursprung i den antika grekiska filosofin men har idag fått en rad olika, men relaterande betydelser, där vetenskaplig teori utgör ett viktigt exempel. 이론(理論, 문화어: 리론)이라는 낱말은 토론의 환경과 방법론에 따라, 다른 분야의 지식 속에서 수많은 구별된 뜻을 가진다. 과학에서, 이론은 수학 또는 논리의 서술이거나 자연현상 모임의 방식의 증명할 수 있는 표본이며, 같은 종류의 관찰이나 미래의 발생을 예측할 수 있고, 실험을 통해 테스트할 수 있다. 이러한 과정을 통하지 않으면 경험론을 통하게 되므로 왜곡이 일어날 수 있다. 일반적인 용도에서, 이론은 예상, 의견, 숙고를 나타내는 데에 쓰인다. 이러한 용도에서, 이론은 사실을 기반으로 할 필요는 없는데, 다시 말해, 현실에 대해 언제나 참을 표현할 것을 요구하지 않는다. 이러한 용도는 "사실이 아니지만, 이론일 뿐이다"와 같이 잘못된 일반 서술로 비롯될 수 있다. 현실에 대한 참된 서술은 더 숙고하여 사람들이 생각하는 것에 대해 독립적으로 "참"인 서술로서 이해된다. 이러한 용도에서, 이 낱말은 가설과 동의어이다. Une théorie (du grec theoria, « contempler, observer, examiner ») est un ensemble cohérent, si elle prétend à la scientificité, d'explications, de notions ou d'idées sur un sujet précis, pouvant inclure des lois et des hypothèses, induites par l'accumulation de faits provenant de l'observation, l'expérimentation ou, dans le cas des mathématiques, déduites d'une base axiomatique donnée : théorie des matrices, des torseurs, des probabilités. Elle ne doit pas être confondue avec un principe philosophique contrairement aux principes observés et provisoirement admis suggérés par l'expérience, ni avec une hypothèse. Le terme de théoricien, qui désigne un scientifique, s'oppose à celui de technicien, qui désigne celui qui met en pratique une science particulière. Teoria (z gr. theoría – oglądanie, rozważanie) – system pojęć, definicji, aksjomatów i twierdzeń, ustalających relacje między tymi pojęciami i aksjomatami, tworzący spójny system pojęciowy, opisujący jakąś wybraną dziedzinę fizyczną lub abstrakcyjną. W przypadku nauk przyrodniczych, nauk ścisłych i nauk humanistycznych teorie są tworzone w celu systematyzowania i racjonalizowania faktów, wyjaśniania powodów ich występowania, przewidywania przyszłych zdarzeń, oraz budowy nowych systemów/urządzeń/broni.

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dbr:Standard-Model_Extension dbr:The_Freudian_Coverup dbr:Conceptual_model dbr:Perdurantism dbr:Biological_naturalism dbr:Jeff_Bradstreet dbr:Mental_health_in_the_Middle_East dbr:Affiliative_conflict_theory dbr:Behavior_change_method dbr:Formalist_film_theory dbr:Abstractionism dbr:Regenerative_design dbr:LC4MP dbr:Raoul_Hausmann dbr:Elaborative_encoding dbr:Coordinated_management_of_meaning dbr:Boundary_conformal_field_theory dbr:Jeffrey_Yi-Lin_Forrest dbr:History_of_loop_quantum_gravity n73:s_tripartite_theory_of_soul dbr:Schizoanalysis dbr:Journal_of_Instrumentation n74: dbr:The_Feynman_Lectures_on_Physics dbr:Little_string_theory dbr:Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurists dbr:Odotope_theory n75: dbr:Spartan_Constitution dbr:Donovan_King dbr:Zaid_Orudzhev dbr:Psychophysical_parallelism dbr:Dialogical_self dbr:Gentlemanly_capitalism dbr:Universal_evolution dbr:Udi_Aloni dbr:Konturen dbr:Stochastic_portfolio_theory dbr:Knowledge_management dbr:Computational_physics 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n89: dbr:Anarcho-syndicalism dbr:Domino_theory dbr:Three-stratum_theory dbr:Peaceful_coexistence dbr:Chinese_herbology dbr:Relational_dialectics dbr:School_for_Poetic_Computation dbr:Relational_frame_theory dbr:Shubigi_Rao dbr:Index_of_sociology_articles dbr:Expectation_confirmation_theory dbr:Permanent_income_hypothesis dbr:Missing_sock dbr:Panchikarana dbr:Circuit_of_culture dbr:Hypothesis_Theory dbr:Kokko_and_Rector_Model dbr:Conscientious_objection_to_military_taxation dbr:Michele_Boldrin dbr:Standpoint_feminism dbr:Quantum_Dynamical_Evolution_Theory dbr:Lazistan_Eyalet dbr:Joseph_Grinnell dbr:Mathematical_model dbr:Archetypal_literary_criticism dbr:Nicomachean_Ethics dbr:Preformationism dbr:Participatory_democracy n90: dbr:Archetypal_pedagogy dbr:Supergravity dbr:Morse–Kelley_set_theory dbr:O-minimal_theory dbr:Index_of_philosophy_of_science_articles dbr:Positive_Disintegration dbr:Ethnic_competition_thesis dbr:Four_temperaments dbr:Intersubjective_verifiability dbr:Helvie_energy_theory_of_nursing_and_health dbr:Psychognomy dbr:Trotskyism dbr:Natural_borders_of_France dbr:Sky_and_Water_I dbr:Islam_Hadhari dbr:Comprehensive_examination n91:s_theory_of_cognitive_development dbr:Balance_theory dbr:Mathematical_formulation_of_quantum_mechanics dbr:Political_positivism dbr:Well_cementing dbr:Three-sector_theory dbr:Largest-scale_trends_in_evolution dbr:Alan_Belkin dbr:Pseudoscience dbr:Media_ritual dbr:Victor_Alekseyevich_Vaziulin n92: dbr:Influences_on_Karl_Marx dbr:Context_theory dbr:Global_feminism dbr:Regulatory_focus_theory dbr:Cluster_theory dbr:Original_intent dbr:Indiana_University_School_of_Liberal_Arts_at_IUPUI dbr:Epidemiological_transition dbr:Marxist_aesthetics dbr:Marxist_archaeology dbr:Adaptive_resonance_theory dbr:Three-phase_traffic_theory dbr:Multilineal_evolution dbr:Metrical_phonology dbr:Dirac_hole_theory dbr:Marxist_criminology dbr:Gibsonian_ecological_theory_of_development dbr:Flow_plasticity_theory dbr:Alchemy 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dbr:Predispositioning_theory n98:_Zima n99:_Theory_and_Analysis dbr:Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory dbr:Uddālaka_Āruṇi dbr:Two-level_utilitarianism n100: dbr:Innovation_economics dbr:Higher_education dbr:The_woman_and_the_Rose dbr:Theorize dbr:William_Heath_Byford n101:_Moreno dbr:Youth_control_complex dbr:Sociocultural_perspective dbr:Black_Catholicism n102: dbr:Theory_of_International_Politics dbr:Tech_Tower dbr:Theory_of_conjoint_measurement dbr:Stage-Crisis_View dbr:Braid_theory dbr:Theory_of_heat dbr:Original_affluent_society dbr:Succession_of_states dbr:Glue_semantics dbr:Trading_up_the_chain dbr:Constructive_quantum_field_theory dbr:Performance_paradox dbr:Omega_Point dbr:Functional_sentence_perspective dbr:Beyoncé dbr:Memento_mori dbr:Interactive_specialization dbr:List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics dbr:Ali_Al-Wardi dbr:Self-determination_theory dbr:Queering dbr:Functional_finance dbr:Gabriel_Almond dbr:Law_of_the_gut dbr:Signalling_theory dbr:Identity_management_theory dbr:Dodecameric_protein dbr:Rank_theory_of_depression dbr:Outlier n103: dbr:Acculturation_Model dbr:Bibliography_of_sociology dbr:Vast_right-wing_conspiracy dbr:Limits_to_arbitrage dbr:Query_theory dbr:Emission_theory dbr:The_Gene_Bomb dbr:Multiple_drafts_model dbr:Topological_Dipole_Field_Theory dbr:Simplexity dbr:Reflective_Parenting dbr:Epistemic_motivation n104: dbr:Anti-psychologism dbr:Four-Stage_Theory_of_the_Republic_of_China dbr:Young_Marx dbr:Tarski–Grothendieck_set_theory dbr:Unilineal_evolution dbr:Master_of_Financial_Economics dbr:Cyrus_the_Great_in_the_Quran dbr:Intra-organismic_perspective dbr:Black_psychology dbr:Big_Five_personality_traits n107:s_stages_of_psychosocial_development dbr:Spalding–Rigdon_theory_of_Book_of_Mormon_authorship dbr:Female_Sabotage n108: dbr:Just_price dbr:Bid_rent_theory dbr:Black_Catholic_Movement dbr:History_of_mathematical_notation dbr:Extrication_morality dbr:Nuclear_peace dbr:Scholarly_method dbr:Identity_based_motivation dbr:Somatic_theory n110:s_tonal_theory dbr:Scientist dbr:Dahrendorf_hypothesis dbr:Van_Flandern–Yang_hypothesis dbr:Adaptive_mutation dbr:Qubit_field_theory dbr:Olia_Lialina dbr:Impact_survival dbr:Schizotypy n111:_Society dbr:Alexander–Spanier_cohomology n112: n113: dbr:Physiocracy dbr:Master_of_Arts_in_Higher_Education dbr:Social_contract dbr:Master_of_Arts_in_Higher_Education_and_Student_Development dbr:Realized_eschatology dbr:Nonstandard_analysis dbr:Identity_control_theory dbr:Helen_Longino dbr:Korea_TESOL n116: n117:s_stages_of_play dbr:Mesopredator_release_hypothesis dbr:Physical_organic_chemistry dbr:Low-information_rationality dbr:Staffing_theory dbr:The_Big_Shot_Chronicles dbr:Doubly_special_relativity dbr:Constitutive_criminology n118:s_circumscription_theory dbr:Feature_integration_theory dbr:Phillip_McArthur dbr:Differential_outcomes_effect n119:_Brain dbr:Pannaulika dbr:Social_breakdown_thesis dbr:Sonido_13 dbr:Developmentalism dbr:Rhea_County_Courthouse dbr:Stakeholder_theory dbr:Cost-of-production_theory_of_value dbr:Mind_control dbr:Definitionism dbr:Topological_quantum_field_theory dbr:Constitutive_rhetoric n120: dbr:Protracted_social_conflict dbr:Margaret_Naumburg dbr:Economic_determinism dbr:Differential_association n121:s_Republic dbr:Bibliography_of_biology dbr:Generative_grammar dbr:Political_spectrum dbr:Palingenetic_ultranationalism dbr:Center_versus_periphery dbr:Lumber_Cartel dbr:Carpology dbr:Self-categorization_theory dbr:Doctrine_of_concurrent_delay dbr:Olu_Oguibe dbr:Diffusion_of_innovations dbr:Biographical_research dbr:Social_balance_theory dbr:Eliminative_materialism dbr:Fernando_Regueira n122:_Simon dbr:Functional_attitude_theory dbr:Factor_price_equalization dbr:Difference_theory dbr:Tensor_network_theory dbr:Patriarch_hypothesis dbr:Danger_model dbr:Bowman–Heidenhain_hypothesis dbr:1880_in_art dbr:Phantom_time_hypothesis dbr:Natalija_Cvetković dbr:Correspondent_inference_theory dbr:Neoclassical_realism dbr:Logical_positivism dbr:Selective_exposure_theory dbr:Young–Helmholtz_theory n123: dbr:Statistician dbr:Applied_ethics dbr:Reference_materials_for_stable_isotope_analysis dbr:Mosquito-malaria_theory dbr:State_consequentialism dbr:Memory-prediction_framework dbr:Self-control_theory_of_crime dbr:Odderon dbr:Constructor_theory dbr:Flory-Stockmayer_Theory dbr:Relational_grammar dbr:Philosophical_realism dbr:Cultivated_plant_taxonomy dbr:False_necessity dbr:Entity_realism dbr:Post-conceptual dbr:Information_systems_success_model dbr:Frank_Spitzer dbr:Donald_Duck_in_comics dbr:Architectural_determinism dbr:Human_development_theory dbr:Corpuscularianism dbr:Maoism dbr:The_Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory dbr:Universal_Grammar dbr:ReAwaken_America_Tour n125:_and_Procedures dbr:Milnor–Thurston_kneading_theory dbr:Trial_and_error n128: dbr:Sociology_of_human_consciousness dbr:Relational_space dbr:Aggressionism dbr:Stem_cell_theory_of_aging dbr:Alternative_Theories dbr:L-theory 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dbr:Founders_of_statistics dbr:Fiscal_illusion dbr:Mathematical_principles_of_reinforcement dbr:Chiemgau_impact_hypothesis dbr:Dark_fluid dbr:Bundle_theory dbr:Plural_quantification dbr:Pathoclisis dbr:BOAC_Flight_777 dbr:Defensive_realism dbr:Interjectional_theory dbr:Nonuniversal_theory n135:s_field dbr:Polygenism dbr:Propositional_representation dbr:OCR_Nationals dbr:Endurantism dbr:Takeo_Nakasawa dbr:Social_entropy n137:_Currie dbr:Social_research dbr:Torah dbr:Discovery_Institute_intelligent_design_campaigns n138: dbr:Calcium_sparks dbr:Educational_research dbr:Justice_as_Fairness dbr:American_Physical_Society dbr:Analogical_modeling dbr:E-flux n139: dbr:Imperiled_presidency dbr:Embourgeoisement_thesis dbr:History_of_invertebrate_paleozoology dbr:Superseded_scientific_theories dbr:Pluralist_theories_of_truth n140: dbr:International_Federation_of_Automatic_Control dbr:Christian_contemplation dbr:Pluralistic_ignorance dbr:Hemline_index dbr:Coastal_migration dbr:Atomic_theory 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En teori är resultatet av ett kontemplativt och rationellt abstrakt, eller generaliserande tankearbete. Beroende av kontext kan resultatet exempelvis utgöra en generaliserande förklaring på hur något komplext fungerar. Ordet har sitt ursprung i den antika grekiska filosofin men har idag fått en rad olika, men relaterande betydelser, där vetenskaplig teori utgör ett viktigt exempel. Teoria (z gr. theoría – oglądanie, rozważanie) – system pojęć, definicji, aksjomatów i twierdzeń, ustalających relacje między tymi pojęciami i aksjomatami, tworzący spójny system pojęciowy, opisujący jakąś wybraną dziedzinę fizyczną lub abstrakcyjną. W przypadku nauk przyrodniczych, nauk ścisłych i nauk humanistycznych teorie są tworzone w celu systematyzowania i racjonalizowania faktów, wyjaśniania powodów ich występowania, przewidywania przyszłych zdarzeń, oraz budowy nowych systemów/urządzeń/broni. Thomas Kuhn wprowadził pojęcie „paradygmatu”, które określił jako zbiór podstawowych pojęć i twierdzeń teorii danej nauki. W przestrzeni nauki teoria nigdy nie przesądza, jaki jest stan faktyczny. Jeśli praktyka dowodzi czegoś innego, wtedy teoria upada albo jej stosowanie zawęża się do określonych warunków. Na przykład mechanika klasyczna może być stosowana jedynie do opisu ciał poruszających się z prędkością dużo mniejszą od prędkości światła w próżni. A theory is a rational type of abstract thinking about a phenomenon, or the results of such thinking. The process of contemplative and rational thinking is often associated with such processes as observational study or research. Theories may be scientific, belong to a non-scientific discipline, or no discipline at all. Depending on the context, a theory's assertions might, for example, include generalized explanations of how nature works. The word has its roots in ancient Greek, but in modern use it has taken on several related meanings. In modern science, the term "theory" refers to scientific theories, a well-confirmed type of explanation of nature, made in a way consistent with the scientific method, and fulfilling the criteria required by modern science. Such theories are described in such a way that scientific tests should be able to provide empirical support for it, or empirical contradiction ("falsify") of it. Scientific theories are the most reliable, rigorous, and comprehensive form of scientific knowledge, in contrast to more common uses of the word "theory" that imply that something is unproven or speculative (which in formal terms is better characterized by the word hypothesis). Scientific theories are distinguished from hypotheses, which are individual empirically testable conjectures, and from scientific laws, which are descriptive accounts of the way nature behaves under certain conditions. Theories guide the enterprise of finding facts rather than of reaching goals, and are neutral concerning alternatives among values. A theory can be a body of knowledge, which may or may not be associated with particular explanatory models. To theorize is to develop this body of knowledge. The word theory or "in theory" is sometimes used erroneously by people to explain something which they individually did not experience or test before. In those instances, semantically, it is being substituted for another concept, a hypothesis. Instead of using the word "hypothetically", it is replaced by a phrase: "in theory". In some instances the theory's credibility could be contested by calling it "just a theory" (implying that the idea has not even been tested). Hence, that word "theory" is very often contrasted to "practice" (from Greek praxis, πρᾶξις) a Greek term for doing, which is opposed to theory. A "classical example" of the distinction between "theoretical" and "practical" uses the discipline of medicine: medical theory involves trying to understand the causes and nature of health and sickness, while the practical side of medicine is trying to make people healthy. These two things are related but can be independent, because it is possible to research health and sickness without curing specific patients, and it is possible to cure a patient without knowing how the cure worked. Il termine teoria (dal greco θεωρέω theoréo "guardo, osservo", composto da θέα thèa, "spettacolo" e ὁράω horào, "vedo") indica, nel linguaggio comune, un'idea nata in base ad una qualche ipotesi, congettura, speculazione o supposizione, anche astratte rispetto alla realtà. La stessa etimologia si trova nel termine teoresi anch'esso col significato di opposto alla prassi, ma mentre la teoria può prevedere o auspicare un'applicazione pratica, la teoresi la esclude a priori Teorio estas ĝenerala ideo formata pere de racia abstraktado. En la sciencoj (krom matematiko), teorio estas modelo aŭ kadro por kompreni, konceptita tiel, ke eksperimento povas liveri empirian verŝajnigon aŭ malpruvon pri ĝi. Laŭ Karl Popper, nur tiaj teorioj estas sciencaj, kvankam ne ĉiuj scienco-filozofoj konsentas pri tio. Ĉiu scienca scio estas kadre de iu teorio. Teorio estas la plej kredinda speco de scienca scio. Ĝi tamen ne estas absolute pruvebla kiel vero, kaj povas ĉiam esti repensita aŭ plibonigita. Teorio estas provizora klarigo pri faktoj. Evoluo de specioj estas fakto, akumulo (ekonomio) estas fakto. Kiel tiuj faktoj okazis, estas teorio. Abstraktaj modeloj elpensitaj en nesciencaj fakoj, aŭ eĉ eksterfake, ankaŭ nomiĝas teorioj. Teorio kontrastas kun praktiko koncepte kaj etimologie ('teorio' deriviĝas de la malnovgreka theōriā "rigardado", kaj 'praktiko' de prāxis "agado"). Ekzemple, provas kompreni la kaŭzojn kaj ecojn de sano kaj malsano, dum medicina praktiko celas sanigi. La aferoj, kvankam rilataj, estas neidentaj, ĉar eblas sukcese esplori sanon kaj malsanon sanigante neniun, kaj eblas sanigi kuracaton ne sciante kiel la kuraco rezultigas sian sanigan efikon. Ως θεωρία γενικά εννοείται: * ένα ολοκληρωμένο σύστημα ιδεών και προτάσεων που προσεγγίζει ένα ζήτημα από αφηρημένη ή συγκεκριμένη οπτική γωνία. Πρόκειται για τη θεωρία υπό την οπτική γωνία της φιλοσοφίας, δηλαδή ένα σύνολο ισχυρισμών, ουσιαστικά αξιωμάτων, που οδηγούν σε συμπεράσματα, ή υποστηρίζουν συμπεράσματα για τη φύση του κόσμου. * μία υπόθεση για την ερμηνεία ενός προβλήματος. * αναλυτική δομή που έχει ως στόχο της την ερμηνεία ενός συνόλου παρατηρήσεων, ταυτοποιώντας το σύνολο των διακριτών παρατηρήσεων ως τάξη φαινομένων και επιβεβαιώνοντας την υποκείμενη πραγματικότητα που επιδρά ή επηρεάζει αυτή την τάξη φαινομένων. Ο όρος θεωρείται πως προέρχεται από τον αρχαιοελληνικό θεωρία, που σημαίνει θέαση και ενατένιση. Προτάθηκε, επίσης, η άποψη πως το θεωρία προέρχεται από τη λέξη θείον, αντανακλώντας έτσι την ιδέα της ενατένισης της θείας οργάνωσης του φυσικού σύμπαντος. Una teoria és un model de la realitat, usat per a racionalitzar, explicar i predir fenòmens. Cal no confondre teoria amb teorema. De vegades es presenta oposada a la pràctica i ambdues poden ser complementàries, no necessàriament excloents. Teoria (do grego θεωρία, transl. theoria: 'contemplação', 'reflexão', 'introspecção', de θεωρέω, tranl. theoréo, 'olho', 'observo', composto por θέα, thea, 'espetáculo', por sua vez derivado de θαῦμα, thâuma, 'visão', e ὁράω, horao, 'vejo') indica, na linguagem comum (ou seja, não-científica), uma ideia nascida com base em alguma hipótese, conjectura, especulação ou suposição, mesmo abstrata, sobre a realidade. Também designa o conhecimento descritivo puramente racional ou a forma de pensar e entender algum fenômeno a partir da observação. Na Grécia antiga, teoria significava "festa solene, procissão ou embaixada que as cidades helênicas enviavam para representá-las nos jogos olímpicos ou para consultar os oráculos". Teoria é o conhecimento obtido por meio de estudos, hipóteses, experimentações e observações que quando aplicadas, apresentam resultados que corroboram com o objetivo a ser alcançado. Teorie je poznatek či soubor poznatků o nějakém předmětu, k nimž se dospělo pomocí uvažování. Opakem či doplňkem teorie je tedy praktické, empirické poznání, fakt. (Teorie samozřejmě má z dostupných faktů vycházet, ale důležité je, že je pomocí myšlení zpracovává do pokud možno uchopitelného a koherentního celku.) Teorie se může týkat prakticky libovolného předmětu poznání, například existuje teorie šachových zahájení, teorie kontrapunktu v hudbě, teorie grup v matematice, teorie vědy ve filozofii nebo . Zvláštní význam má teorie v přírodních vědách, která umožňuje rozvoj poznání a ovládání přírody. Slovo teorie pochází z řeckého slova θεωρέω. Původně to byl θεωρός/theoros, tedy divák, který jako vyslanec pozoroval hry a festivaly s náboženskou tematikou a vedl duchovní a teoretický život. Bylo to božské poslání, o čemž svědčí i slovní příbuznost s θεός/theos/bůh. 이론(理論, 문화어: 리론)이라는 낱말은 토론의 환경과 방법론에 따라, 다른 분야의 지식 속에서 수많은 구별된 뜻을 가진다. 과학에서, 이론은 수학 또는 논리의 서술이거나 자연현상 모임의 방식의 증명할 수 있는 표본이며, 같은 종류의 관찰이나 미래의 발생을 예측할 수 있고, 실험을 통해 테스트할 수 있다. 이러한 과정을 통하지 않으면 경험론을 통하게 되므로 왜곡이 일어날 수 있다. 일반적인 용도에서, 이론은 예상, 의견, 숙고를 나타내는 데에 쓰인다. 이러한 용도에서, 이론은 사실을 기반으로 할 필요는 없는데, 다시 말해, 현실에 대해 언제나 참을 표현할 것을 요구하지 않는다. 이러한 용도는 "사실이 아니지만, 이론일 뿐이다"와 같이 잘못된 일반 서술로 비롯될 수 있다. 현실에 대한 참된 서술은 더 숙고하여 사람들이 생각하는 것에 대해 독립적으로 "참"인 서술로서 이해된다. 이러한 용도에서, 이 낱말은 가설과 동의어이다. Тео́рія (від грец. θεωρία — розгляд, дослідження) — висновків, що відображає відносини і зв'язки між явищами реальності у вигляді інформаційної моделі. Теорією стає гіпотеза, що має відтворюване підтвердження явищ та механізмів і дозволяє спостерігачу прогнозувати наслідки дій чи зміни стану об'єкта спостережень. Теорія лежить в основі вчення. Наприклад, еволюційне вчення базується на теорії трансформізму, змінності видів. 理論（りろん、英: theory、セオリー, 仏: théorie, 独: Theorie）とは、「個々の現象を法則的、統一的に説明できるように筋道を立てて組み立てられた知識の体系」。自然科学（応用科学含む）、人文科学、社会科学などの科学または学問において用いられている。 Teori adalah serangkaian bagian atau variabel, definisi dan dalil yang saling berhubungan yang menghadirkan sebuah pandangan sistematis mengenai fenomena dengan menentukan hubungan antarvariabel, dengan maksud menjelaskan fenomena alamiah. Labovitz dan Hagedorn mendefinisikan teori sebagai ide pemikiran “pemikiran teoritis” yang mereka definisikan sebagai “menentukan” bagaimana dan mengapa variabel-variabel dan pernyataan hubungan dapat saling berhubungan. Kata teori memiliki arti yang berbeda-beda pada bidang-bidang pengetahuan yang berbeda pula tergantung pada metodologi dan konteks diskusi. Secara umum, teori merupakan analisis hubungan antara fakta yang satu dengan fakta yang lain pada sekumpulan fakta-fakta . Selain itu, berbeda dengan teorema, pernyataan teori umumnya hanya diterima secara "sementara" dan bukan merupakan pernyataan akhir yang konklusif. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa teori berasal dari penarikan kesimpulan yang memiliki potensi kesalahan, berbeda dengan penarikan kesimpulan pada pembuktian matematika. Sedangkan secara lebih spesifik di dalam ilmu sosial, terdapat pula teori sosial. Neuman mendefiniskan teori sosial adalah sebagai sebuah sistem dari keterkaitan abstraksi atau ide-ide yang meringkas dan mengorganisasikan pengetahuan tentang dunia sosial. Perlu diketahui bahwa teori berbeda dengan idiologi, seorang peneliti kadang-kadang bias dalam membedakan teori dan ideologi. Terdapat kesamaan di antara kedunya, tetapi jelas mereka berbeda. Teori dapat merupakan bagian dari ideologi, tetapi ideologi bukan teori. Contohnya adalah Aleniasi manusia adalah sebuah teori yang diungkapakan oleh Karl Marx, tetapi Marxis atau Komunisme secara keseluruhan adalah sebuah ideologi. Dalam ilmu pengetahuan, teori dalam ilmu pengetahuan berarti model atau kerangka pikiran yang menjelaskan fenomena alami atau fenomena sosial tertentu. Teori dirumuskan, dikembangkan, dan dievaluasi menurut metode ilmiah. Teori juga merupakan suatu hipotesis yang telah terbukti kebenarannya. Manusia membangun teori untuk menjelaskan, meramalkan, dan menguasai fenomena tertentu (misalnya, benda-benda mati, kejadian-kejadian di alam, atau tingkah laku hewan). Sering kali, teori dipandang sebagai suatu model atas kenyataan (misalnya: apabila kucing mengeong berarti minta makan). Sebuah teori membentuk generalisasi atas banyak pengamatan dan terdiri atas kumpulan ide yang koheren dan saling berkaitan. Istilah teoritis dapat digunakan untuk menjelaskan sesuatu yang diramalkan oleh suatu teori namun belum pernah terpengamatan. Sebagai contoh, sampai dengan akhir-akhir ini, lubang hitam dikategorikan sebagai teoritis karena diramalkan menurut teori relativitas umum tetapi belum pernah teramati di alam. Terdapat miskonsepsi yang menyatakan apabila sebuah teori ilmiah telah mendapatkan cukup dan telah teruji oleh para peneliti lain tingkatannya akan menjadi hukum ilmiah. Hal ini tidaklah benar karena definisi hukum ilmiah dan teori ilmiah itu berbeda. Teori akan tetap menjadi teori, dan hukum akan tetap menjadi hukum. النظرية. لها عدد من المعاني المختلفة باختلاف الفرع التي تستخدم به هذه الكلمة. بشكل عام، تكون النظرية نوعا من التفسير لشرح كيفية حدوث ظاهرة طبيعية، بشرط تحقق حدوث هذه الظاهرة وعدم وجود نزاع في حدوثها، تأتي الآن النظرية لتشرح آلية حدوث هذه الظواهر وتكون بشكل عام عرضة للصواب والخطأ، لكن التماسك المنطقي والرياضي للنظرية ثم شرحها لأكبر عدد ممكن من النتائج التجريبية يدعم النظرية ويعطيها تأكيدا أكثر فأكثر. تزداد النظرية صحة عندما تقدم تنبؤات بشأن ظواهر غير مثبتة بعد، ثم تأتي الأرصاد والتجارب بإثباتها، فنظرية النسبية العامة مثلا تنبأت بانحرافات دقيقة في مدار الكوكب عطارد لم تكن مرصودة بعد، وتم التحقق من ذلك بعد ظهور النظرية مما أعطاها مصداقية أكبر. هناك فرق شاسع بين الاستعمال العلمي لكلمة نظرية والاستعمال العام لها. بشكل عام يقصد بكلمة نظرية أي رأي أو فرضية، في هذا المجال لا يتوجب ان تكون النظرية مبنية على حقائق. اما في المجال العلمي تشير النظرية إلى نموذج مقترح لشرح ظاهرة أو ظواهر معينة بإمكانها التنبؤ بأحداث مستقبلية ويمكن نقدها. ينتج من ذلك انه في المجال العلمي النظرية والحقيقة ليسا شيئين متضادين. مثلاً الحقيقة هي ان الأجسام تسقط إلى مركز الكرة الأرضية، والنظرية التي تشرح سبب هذا السقوط هي الجاذبية. مثال على ذلك: خطأ نظرية أرسطو (مركزية الأرض) بأن الأرض هي مركز الكون وأن الكواكب والنجوم تدور حول الأرض، وثبوت صحة نظرية فيلاكوس كوبرنيكوس بأن الشمس هي المركز (مركزية الشمس). وتنطلق النظرية من مسلمات أو مبادئ متفق عليها وتكون أساسا لبناء النظرية وما يترتب عليها من نتائج. Una teoría (del griego theōría​) es un sistema lógico-deductivo (o inductivo)​ constituido por un conjunto de hipótesis, un campo de aplicación (de lo que trata la teoría, el conjunto de cosas que explica) y algunas reglas que permitan extraer consecuencias de las hipótesis. En general, las teorías sirven para confeccionar modelos científicos que interpreten un conjunto amplio de observaciones, en función de los axiomas o principios, supuestos, postulados y consecuencias lógicas congruentes con la teoría. Тео́рия (греч. θεωρία «рассмотрение, исследование») — упорядоченная и обоснованная система взглядов, суждений, положений, позволяющая адекватно объяснять факты, анализировать процессы, прогнозировать и регулировать их развитие; уровень познания, на котором обобщаются и систематизируются знания о предмете исследования и формулируются понятия, категории, суждения, умозаключения. Представляет собой наиболее глубокое и системное знание о необходимых сторонах, связях исследуемого, его сущности и закономерностях. Знания о закономерностях исследуемого в теории являются логически непротиворечивыми и основанными на каком-либо едином, объединяющем начале — определённой совокупности исходных теоретических или эмпирических принципов. Теория выступает как информационная модель синтетического знания, в границах которой отдельные понятия, гипотезы и законы теряют прежнюю автономность и становятся элементами целостной системы. В теории одни суждения выводятся из других суждений на основе практических подтверждений и/или правил логического вывода.Теории формулируются, разрабатываются и проверяются в соответствии с научным методом. Теории предшествует гипотеза, получившая воспроизводимое подтверждение. Теория или сочетающиеся между собой теории становятся учением (см. также доктрина). Важное свойство теории — способность прогнозировать, на основе которой выполняется её верификация. Некоторые применяют словосочетания «популярная теория» и «непопулярная теория», кто и как определяет популярность и непопулярность, неизвестно. Teoria fenomeno bati buruzko pentsamendu abstraktuaren mota arrazional bat da, edo pentsamendu horren emaitza. Pentsamendu kontenplatibo eta arrazionalaren prozesua behaketa edo ikerketa bezalako prozesuekin lotuta egon ohi da. Teoriak zientifikoak izan daitezke, diziplina ez-zientifiko batekoak edo ezein diziplinatakoak ez direnak. Testuinguruaren arabera, teoria baten baieztapenetan, adibidez, naturaren funtzionamenduari buruzko azalpen orokorrak sar daitezke. Hitzak antzinako grezieran ditu sustraiak, baina erabilera modernoan hainbat esanahi hartu ditu. Zientzia modernoan, "teoria" hitzak teoria zientifikoei egiten die erreferentzia, ongi naturaren azalpen mota bat, metodo zientifikoarekin koherentziaz egina eta eskatutako irizpideak betetzen dituena. Teoria horiek honela deskribatzen dira: proba zientifikoek laguntza enpirikoa eman beharko lukete, edo horren kontraesan enpirikoa ("faltsazioa"). Teoria zientifikoak ezagutza zientifikoaren formarik fidagarriena, zorrotzena eta osoena dira, "teoria" hitzaren erabilera arruntenekin kontrastean, hau da, zerbait ez dagoela frogatuta edo espekulatiboa dela (formari dagokionez, hipotesi hitza da esanahi horri erantzuten dioena). Teoria zientifikoak bereizi egiten dira hipotesietatik, enpirikoki egiaztagarriak diren banakako usteak baitira, eta naturaren portaeraren deskripzio diren lege zientifikoetatik, baldintza jakin batzuetan. Teoriek gidatzen dute helburuak lortzeaz gain gertaerak aurkitzeko enpresa, eta neutralak dira balioen arteko alternatibei dagokienez. Teoria bat jakintza-multzo bat izan daiteke, zehatzekin lotu daitekeena edo ez. Teorizatzea ezagutza-gorputz hau garatzea da. Teoria edo "teorian" hitza, batzuetan, oker erabiltzen dute pertsonek, banaka lehenago esperimentatu edo probatu ez duten zerbait azaltzeko. Kasu horietan, semantikoki, beste kontzeptu batekin ordezten ari da, hipotesi batekin. "Hipotetikoki" hitza erabili beharrean, "teorian" erabiltzen da. Kasu batzuetan, teoriaren sinesgarritasuna aurkaratu egin liteke "teoria bat baino ez" deituz (horrek esan nahi du ideia ez dela frogatu ere egin). Horregatik, "teoria" hitza maiz kontrajartzen zaio ""ri (grezierazko praxis-etik), egitea esan nahi duen eta teoriari aurka egiten dion grezierazko terminoa. "Teorikoaren" eta "praktikoaren" arteko bereizketaren "adibide klasiko" batek medikuntzaren diziplina erabiltzen du: teoria medikoak osasunaren eta gaixotasunaren kausak eta izaera ulertzen saiatzea dakar, eta medikuntzaren alderdi praktikoa, berriz, jendea osasuntsu egotea. Bi gauza horiek lotuta daude, baina independenteak izan daitezke, posible baita osasuna eta gaixotasuna ikertzea paziente jakin batzuk sendatu gabe, eta posible da paziente bat sendatzea sendaketak nola funtzionatu duen jakin gabe. Een theorie is een geheel van denkbeelden, hypothesen en verklaringen die in onderlinge samenhang worden beschreven. In de wetenschap is een theorie vaak een getoetst model ter verklaring van waarnemingen van de werkelijkheid. Eine Theorie ist im allgemeinen Sprachgebrauch eine durch spekulatives Denken gewonnene Erkenntnis oder ein System von Lehrsätzen, aus denen sich eine Erkenntnis ableiten lässt. In der modernen wissenschaftlichen Diskussion ist eine Theorie eine Menge wissenschaftlich begründeter Aussagen, die dazu dient, Gesetzmäßigkeiten zu erklären und Prognosen über die Zukunft zu erstellen. Viele Fachdisziplinen, wie etwa die Physik führen seit dem 19. Jahrhundert eigene Theoriedebatten. Die Frage nach dem Geltungsbereichen und der Bestätigung oder Verifikation von Theorien wird in der Wissenschaftstheorie behandelt. Einen speziellen formalen Theoriebegriff verfolgt die mathematische Logik (siehe auch Theorie (Logik)). In der Alttagssprache wird Theorie oftmals für eine Vermutung über einen Sachverhalt eingesetzt, die noch zu beweisen wäre. Une théorie (du grec theoria, « contempler, observer, examiner ») est un ensemble cohérent, si elle prétend à la scientificité, d'explications, de notions ou d'idées sur un sujet précis, pouvant inclure des lois et des hypothèses, induites par l'accumulation de faits provenant de l'observation, l'expérimentation ou, dans le cas des mathématiques, déduites d'une base axiomatique donnée : théorie des matrices, des torseurs, des probabilités. Elle ne doit pas être confondue avec un principe philosophique contrairement aux principes observés et provisoirement admis suggérés par l'expérience, ni avec une hypothèse. Le terme de théoricien, qui désigne un scientifique, s'oppose à celui de technicien, qui désigne celui qui met en pratique une science particulière. La philosophie des sciences précise qu'une théorie scientifique doit respecter plusieurs critères, comme la correspondance entre les principes théoriques et les phénomènes observés. Une théorie doit également permettre de réaliser des prédictions sur ce qui va être observé. Enfin, la théorie doit résister à l'expérience et être compatible avec les nouveaux faits qui peuvent s'ajouter au cours du temps, ou rester valide dans de nouveaux domaines non encore explorés lors de sa première élaboration. Si ce n'est pas le cas, la théorie doit être corrigée, voire invalidée en dehors de son premier domaine. Ainsi, c'est dans la durée que se juge la force d'une théorie car elle doit pouvoir rester compatible avec les nouveaux faits, résister aux expérimentations qui voudraient en démontrer l’invalidité, et assurer la justesse de ses prédictions. Dans le langage courant, le terme « théorie » est souvent utilisé par anglicisme pour désigner un ensemble de spéculations sans véritable fondement, à l'inverse du sens admis par les scientifiques. Le mot hypothèse est alors plus approprié. Le principe, quant à lui, est une observation qui peut être expliquée ou non selon l'époque considérée (principe de Fermat), mais dans tous les cas dont on ne possède pas — ou, pour ne négliger aucune piste, pas encore — de contre-exemple (deuxième principe de la thermodynamique). 理論（英語：Theory），又稱學說或學說理論，指人類對自然、社會現象，按照已有的實證知識、經驗、事實、法則、認知以及經過驗證的假說，經由一般化與演繹推理等等的方法，進行合乎邏輯的推論性總結。 接近科学的学说是科学的，反之则是违背科学的或者说伪科学；任何自然科学的产生，源自对自然现象观察。人類藉由觀察實際存在的現象或邏輯推論，而得到某種學說。任何學說在未經社會實踐或科學試驗證明以前，只能屬於假說。如果假說能藉由大量可重現的觀察與實驗而驗證，並為眾多科學家認定，這項假說就可被稱為科学理論。

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