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Thomas Hutchinson Хатчинсон, Томас توماس هتشينسون (حاكم) Thomas Hutchinson 托马斯·哈钦森 Томас Гатчинсон Thomas Hutchinson (Gouverneur) Thomas Hutchinson (governor) トマス・ハッチンソン Thomas Hutchinson
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توماس هتشينسون (بالإنجليزية: Thomas Hutchinson)‏‏ (9 سبتمبر 1711 في بوسطن - 3 يونيو 1780 في لندن) مؤرخ، وسياسي من مملكة بريطانيا العظمى. Томас Гатчинсон (англ. Thomas Hutchinson; 9 вересня 1711 — 3 червня 1780) — останній цивільний британський губернатор колонії Массачусетс 1771-1774 років, історик, письменник. Відомий завдяки своєму історичному твору «Історія Массачусетської затоки», вперше опублікована 1764 року. Був противником колоніальному руху за незалежність тринадцяти британських колоній. Під тиском з боку революціонерів був вимушений емігрувати в Англію. Томас Хатчинсон (англ. Thomas Hutchinson; 9 сентября 1711, Бостон — 13 июня 1785, ) — американский государственный деятель, бизнесмен и историк. Был видным сторонником метрополии в годы, предшествовавшие Американской революции. Успешный торговец и политик, Хатчинсон был активен на высших постах в Массачусетсе, занимая должности лейтенанта-губернатора и . Он был политически неоднозначной фигурой; несмотря на то, что Томас был противником прямого налогообложения колоний со стороны метрополии, Джон и Сэмюэль Адамсы считали его одним из основных поборников нелюбимых колонистами британских налогов. Хатчинсон был осуждён Фредериком Нортом, бывшим тогда британским премьер-министром, за весомый вклад в напряжённость, которая привела к войне за независимость США. Thomas Hutchinson (9 septembre 1711 – 3 juin 1780) était le gouverneur de la province de la baie du Massachusetts entre 1771 et 1774. Il fit partie des loyalistes dans les années qui précédèrent la révolution américaine. Thomas Hutchinson (* 9. September 1711 in Boston, Province of Massachusetts Bay; † 3. Juni 1780 in , England) war ein Geschäftsmann, Historiker und prominenter Politiker der Loyalisten in der Province of Massachusetts Bay in den Jahren vor der Amerikanischen Revolution. Er hatte viele Jahre lang Führungspositionen in der Regierung inne; unter anderem war er von 1769 bis 1774 Gouverneur der Provinz. Als Politiker polarisierte er sehr stark, da er zwar gegen die an die Kolonien gerichteten parlamentarischen Steuergesetze war, jedoch durch John Adams und Samuel Adams als tatsächlicher Befürworter der verhassten britischen Steuern gebrandmarkt wurde. Lord North, der zu dieser Zeit britischer Premierminister war, beschuldigte ihn, wesentlich zu den Spannungen beigetragen zu haben, die schließli Thomas Hutchinson (9. září 1711 – 3. července 1780) byl guvernérem Massachusetts a loyalista (zastánce britské politiky). 托马斯·哈钦森(英語:Thomas Hutchinson 1711年9月9日-1780年6月3日)美国革命时期马萨诸塞湾省商人、历史学家和效忠派政治家,被认为是革命前马萨诸塞效忠派最重要的人物。哈钦森曾在马萨诸塞政府的高层工作多年,担任副总督,并于1758年至1774年担任总督。 トマス・ハッチンソン(英: Thomas Hutchinson、1711年9月9日 - 1780年6月3日)は、イギリス植民地の実業家、歴史家であり、アメリカ合衆国が独立に向かう時代にマサチューセッツ湾直轄植民地で著名なロイヤリストの政治家だった。成功した商人かつ政治家であり、長年マサチューセッツの政府で大いに活躍し、1758年から1774年まで副総督と総督を務めた。政治的には評価が割れた人物であり、当初イギリスの政府が植民地に押し付けた税法には反対していたが、後にはジョン・アダムズやサミュエル・アダムズから憎むべきイギリスの税を推進する者として決めつけられるようになった。当時イギリスの首相だったフレデリック・ノースから、アメリカ独立戦争を引き起こすことになった緊張関係を起こした者として非難された。 Thomas Hutchinson, född 9 september 1711, död 3 juni 1780, var en brittisk koloniguvernör. Hutchinsson föddes i Massachusetts i Nordamerika, och spelade tidigt en framträdande roll i dess representation och förvaltning. 1771-74 var han guvernör och hade som sådan att möta den kritikstorm som då bröt loss om de brittiska myndigheterna. Han försökte förmå det brittiska styret till moderation men sökte inåt med kraft upprätthålla myndigheternas auktoritet. Han kom även i Amerika att betraktas som en typisk representant för det brittiska förtrycket. 1774 begav sig Hutchinson till Storbritannien, där han senare deltog i det politiska livet. Thomas Hutchinson (9 September 1711 – 3 June 1780) was a businessman, historian, and a prominent Loyalist politician of the Province of Massachusetts Bay in the years before the American Revolution. He has been referred to as "the most important figure on the loyalist side in pre-Revolutionary Massachusetts". He was a successful merchant and politician, and was active at high levels of the Massachusetts government for many years, serving as lieutenant governor and then governor from 1758 to 1774. He was a politically polarizing figure who came to be identified by John Adams and Samuel Adams as a proponent of hated British taxes, despite his initial opposition to Parliamentary tax laws directed at the colonies. He was blamed by Lord North (the British Prime Minister at the time) for being a
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Thomas Hutchinson (9 September 1711 – 3 June 1780) was a businessman, historian, and a prominent Loyalist politician of the Province of Massachusetts Bay in the years before the American Revolution. He has been referred to as "the most important figure on the loyalist side in pre-Revolutionary Massachusetts". He was a successful merchant and politician, and was active at high levels of the Massachusetts government for many years, serving as lieutenant governor and then governor from 1758 to 1774. He was a politically polarizing figure who came to be identified by John Adams and Samuel Adams as a proponent of hated British taxes, despite his initial opposition to Parliamentary tax laws directed at the colonies. He was blamed by Lord North (the British Prime Minister at the time) for being a significant contributor to the tensions that led to the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War. Hutchinson's Boston mansion was ransacked in 1765 during protests against the Stamp Act, damaging his collection of materials on early Massachusetts history. As acting governor in 1770, he exposed himself to mob attack in the aftermath of the Boston Massacre, after which he ordered the removal of troops from Boston to Castle William. Letters of his calling for abridgement of colonial rights were published in 1773, further intensifying dislike of him in the colony. He was replaced as governor in May 1774 by General Thomas Gage, and went into exile in England, where he advised the government on how to deal with the colonists. Hutchinson had a deep interest in colonial history, collecting many historical documents. He wrote a three-volume History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay whose last volume, published posthumously, covered his own period in office. Historian Bernard Bailyn wrote of Hutchinson, "If there was one person in America whose actions might have altered the outcome [of the protests and disputes preceding the American Revolutionary War], it was he." Scholars use Hutchinson's career to represent the tragic fate of the many Loyalists marginalized by their attachment to an outmoded imperial structure at a time when the modern nation-state was emerging. Hutchinson exemplifies the difficulties experienced by Loyalists, paralyzed by his ideology and his dual loyalties to America and Britain. He sacrificed his love for Massachusetts to his loyalty to Great Britain, where he spent his last years in unhappy exile. Томас Гатчинсон (англ. Thomas Hutchinson; 9 вересня 1711 — 3 червня 1780) — останній цивільний британський губернатор колонії Массачусетс 1771-1774 років, історик, письменник. Відомий завдяки своєму історичному твору «Історія Массачусетської затоки», вперше опублікована 1764 року. Був противником колоніальному руху за незалежність тринадцяти британських колоній. Під тиском з боку революціонерів був вимушений емігрувати в Англію. Thomas Hutchinson, född 9 september 1711, död 3 juni 1780, var en brittisk koloniguvernör. Hutchinsson föddes i Massachusetts i Nordamerika, och spelade tidigt en framträdande roll i dess representation och förvaltning. 1771-74 var han guvernör och hade som sådan att möta den kritikstorm som då bröt loss om de brittiska myndigheterna. Han försökte förmå det brittiska styret till moderation men sökte inåt med kraft upprätthålla myndigheternas auktoritet. Han kom även i Amerika att betraktas som en typisk representant för det brittiska förtrycket. 1774 begav sig Hutchinson till Storbritannien, där han senare deltog i det politiska livet. Thomas Hutchinson (* 9. September 1711 in Boston, Province of Massachusetts Bay; † 3. Juni 1780 in , England) war ein Geschäftsmann, Historiker und prominenter Politiker der Loyalisten in der Province of Massachusetts Bay in den Jahren vor der Amerikanischen Revolution. Er hatte viele Jahre lang Führungspositionen in der Regierung inne; unter anderem war er von 1769 bis 1774 Gouverneur der Provinz. Als Politiker polarisierte er sehr stark, da er zwar gegen die an die Kolonien gerichteten parlamentarischen Steuergesetze war, jedoch durch John Adams und Samuel Adams als tatsächlicher Befürworter der verhassten britischen Steuern gebrandmarkt wurde. Lord North, der zu dieser Zeit britischer Premierminister war, beschuldigte ihn, wesentlich zu den Spannungen beigetragen zu haben, die schließlich zum Ausbruch des Amerikanischen Unabhängigkeitskriegs führten. Hutchinsons Anwesen in Boston, das von einem späteren Architekturhistoriker als „das erste voll entwickelte Beispiel für den provinziellen Palladianismus in Neuengland“ bezeichnet wurde, wurde 1765 während Protesten gegen den Stamp Act geplündert. Dabei wurde seine Materialsammlung aus der frühen Geschichte von Massachusetts stark beschädigt. Als stellvertretender Gouverneur setzte er sich im Jahr 1770 nach dem Massaker von Boston dem Angriff eines wütenden Mobs aus und befahl den Rückzug der Truppen in das Castle William. Seine Briefe, in denen er eine Einschränkung der kolonialen Rechte forderte, gelangten 1773 an die Öffentlichkeit und verstärkten seine Unbeliebtheit weiter. Im Mai 1774 wurde er im Amt des Gouverneurs durch General Thomas Gage ersetzt, woraufhin er nach England ins Exil emigrierte. Dort beriet er die Regierung bei Verhandlungen mit den Amerikanern. Hutchinson war sehr an der kolonialen Geschichte interessiert und hatte eine sehr große Sammlung historischer Dokumente angelegt. Sein Werk History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay umfasste drei Bände, wovon der letzte erst nach seinem Tod veröffentlicht wurde. 托马斯·哈钦森(英語:Thomas Hutchinson 1711年9月9日-1780年6月3日)美国革命时期马萨诸塞湾省商人、历史学家和效忠派政治家,被认为是革命前马萨诸塞效忠派最重要的人物。哈钦森曾在马萨诸塞政府的高层工作多年,担任副总督,并于1758年至1774年担任总督。 Thomas Hutchinson (9. září 1711 – 3. července 1780) byl guvernérem Massachusetts a loyalista (zastánce britské politiky). Томас Хатчинсон (англ. Thomas Hutchinson; 9 сентября 1711, Бостон — 13 июня 1785, ) — американский государственный деятель, бизнесмен и историк. Был видным сторонником метрополии в годы, предшествовавшие Американской революции. Успешный торговец и политик, Хатчинсон был активен на высших постах в Массачусетсе, занимая должности лейтенанта-губернатора и . Он был политически неоднозначной фигурой; несмотря на то, что Томас был противником прямого налогообложения колоний со стороны метрополии, Джон и Сэмюэль Адамсы считали его одним из основных поборников нелюбимых колонистами британских налогов. Хатчинсон был осуждён Фредериком Нортом, бывшим тогда британским премьер-министром, за весомый вклад в напряжённость, которая привела к войне за независимость США. Особняк Хатчинсона в Бостоне был разграблен в ходе протестов против акта о гербовом сборе, принятого в 1765 году. Это причинило большой вред коллекции книг по ранней истории Массачусетса. Будучи исполняющим обязанности губернатора провинции, Хатчинсон подвергся нападению горожан после бостонской бойни, после чего Томас приказал перевести войска из столицы в . В мае 1774 году Хатчинсон был отправлен в отставку с поста губернатора и уехал в Великобританию, где стал советником правительства по североамериканским вопросам. トマス・ハッチンソン(英: Thomas Hutchinson、1711年9月9日 - 1780年6月3日)は、イギリス植民地の実業家、歴史家であり、アメリカ合衆国が独立に向かう時代にマサチューセッツ湾直轄植民地で著名なロイヤリストの政治家だった。成功した商人かつ政治家であり、長年マサチューセッツの政府で大いに活躍し、1758年から1774年まで副総督と総督を務めた。政治的には評価が割れた人物であり、当初イギリスの政府が植民地に押し付けた税法には反対していたが、後にはジョン・アダムズやサミュエル・アダムズから憎むべきイギリスの税を推進する者として決めつけられるようになった。当時イギリスの首相だったフレデリック・ノースから、アメリカ独立戦争を引き起こすことになった緊張関係を起こした者として非難された。 ボストンにあったハッチンソンの邸宅は、1765年の印紙法に対する抗議の時に略奪を受け、マサチューセッツの初期歴史に関して集めていた文書が被害を受けた。1770年、ボストン虐殺事件の後で暴徒となった群衆の攻撃に身を曝すこととなり、その後ボストンからキャッスル・ウィリアムへ軍隊を移動させるよう命じた。植民地の権利を剥奪するよう求めたハッチンソンの文書が1773年に公刊され、植民地における反感を助長することになった。1774年5月にトマス・ゲイジに総督職を譲り、イングランドに追放されることとなり、イギリスではアメリカをどう扱うかについて政府に助言を行った。 ハッチンソンは植民地の歴史について深い関心があり、多くの歴史文書を集めていた。3巻よりなる『マサチューセッツ湾植民地の歴史』を書き、その最終巻は死後出版され、自身が総督を務めていた時代に関するものだった。歴史家のバーナード・ベイリンはハッチンソンについて、「(アメリカ独立戦争に進む抗議や論争の)結果を変えることができた人物がいるとすれば、それは彼である」と記していた。学者達はハッチンソンの経歴を使い、近代国家が出現する時代に時代遅れの帝国主義に固執することで、過小評価された多くのロイヤリストの悲劇的運命を代表させている。その保守的な価値体系と、イギリスとアメリカ双方に忠実であったことで麻痺され、敗者としてのロイヤリストを体現することになった。マサチューセッツに対する愛をイギリスに対する無批判の忠誠に捧げ、晩年は不運にもイギリスに追放された形で送ることになった。 Thomas Hutchinson (9 septembre 1711 – 3 juin 1780) était le gouverneur de la province de la baie du Massachusetts entre 1771 et 1774. Il fit partie des loyalistes dans les années qui précédèrent la révolution américaine. توماس هتشينسون (بالإنجليزية: Thomas Hutchinson)‏‏ (9 سبتمبر 1711 في بوسطن - 3 يونيو 1780 في لندن) مؤرخ، وسياسي من مملكة بريطانيا العظمى.
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Portrait by Edward Truman, 1741
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12 Acting
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