. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Alkali-Kiesels\u00E4ure-Reaktion"@de . . . . "Alkali\u2013silica reaction"@en . "1115302780"^^ . . . . . . . "The alkali\u2013silica reaction (ASR), more commonly known as concrete cancer, is a deleterious swelling reaction that occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and the reactive amorphous (i.e., non-crystalline) silica found in many common aggregates, given sufficient moisture."@en . . . . . . . . "Alkalicko-k\u0159emi\u010Dit\u00E1 reakce (anglicky Alkali\u2013silica reaction, ASR, AKR) je dlouhodob\u00E1 chemick\u00E1 reakce, kter\u00E1 vede k poru\u0161en\u00ED struktury a materi\u00E1lov\u00FDch vlastnost\u00ED betonu. Jedn\u00E1 se o jeden z druh\u016F alkalick\u00E9 reakce kameniva (ARK, AAR). P\u0159edstavuje reakci, b\u011Bhem kter\u00E9 se ve vysoce z\u00E1sadit\u00E9m prost\u0159ed\u00ED cementov\u00E9 pasty rozpou\u0161t\u011Bj\u00ED reaktivn\u00ED formy oxidu k\u0159emi\u010Dit\u00E9ho (SiO2) obsa\u017Een\u00E9 v kamenivu za tvorby bobtnaj\u00EDc\u00EDho alkalick\u00E9ho gelu a ta vede k poru\u0161en\u00ED struktury betonu. \u010Cast\u00FDm \u0159e\u0161en\u00EDm t\u011Bchto probl\u00E9m\u016F m\u016F\u017Ee b\u00FDt i demolice stavby. Alkalicko-k\u0159emi\u010Dit\u00E1 reakce ovliv\u0148uje zejm\u00E9na , ty jsou toti\u017E vystaveny st\u00E1l\u00E9mu p\u016Fsoben\u00ED vody, vlhkosti a v zimn\u00EDm obdob\u00ED tak\u00E9 (CHRL)."@cs . "Rea\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E1lcali-agregado"@pt . . . . . . . "Reazione alcali aggregati"@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "12484448"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The alkali\u2013silica reaction (ASR), more commonly known as concrete cancer, is a deleterious swelling reaction that occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and the reactive amorphous (i.e., non-crystalline) silica found in many common aggregates, given sufficient moisture. This deleterious chemical reaction causes the expansion of the altered aggregate by the formation of a soluble and viscous gel of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3 \u00B7 n H2O, also noted Na2H2SiO4 \u00B7 n H2O, or N-S-H (sodium silicate hydrate), depending on the adopted convention). This hygroscopic gel swells and increases in volume when absorbing water: it exerts an expansive pressure inside the siliceous aggregate, causing spalling and loss of strength of the concrete, finally leading to its failure. ASR can lead to serious cracking in concrete, resulting in critical structural problems that can even force the demolition of a particular structure. The expansion of concrete through reaction between cement and aggregates was first studied by Thomas E. Stanton in California during the 1930s with his founding publication in 1940."@en . . . . . . "Les r\u00E9actions alcali-granulat (aussi connues sur l'acronyme RAG) constituent une famille de r\u00E9actions de d\u00E9gradation endog\u00E8nes aux b\u00E9tons. Ces r\u00E9actions ont lieu entre les ions hydroxyles (OH\u2212) accompagn\u00E9s (en raison de l'\u00E9lectro-neutralit\u00E9 des solutions aqueuses) par les ions alcalins solubles (Na+, K+) pr\u00E9sents dans la solution interstitielle du b\u00E9ton (principalement ions sodium et potassium) et les granulats. Elles conduisent au gonflement et \u00E0 la fissuration des b\u00E9tons affect\u00E9s ainsi qu'\u00E0 une diminution des propri\u00E9t\u00E9s m\u00E9caniques du b\u00E9ton (r\u00E9sistance \u00E0 la compression, \u00E0 la traction, \u00E0 la flexion, et modification du module de Young) r\u00E9duisant ainsi la dur\u00E9e de vie des ouvrages affect\u00E9s."@fr . . . . . . . . . "La reazione alcali-aggregato \u00E8 una delle forme di degrado chimico del calcestruzzo che si innesca in presenza di aggregati caratterizzati da una particolare composizione mineralogica.La reazione alcali-aggregato si verifica in due forme: Il primo fenomeno, osservato per la prima volta negli USA da T.E. Stanton nel 1940, \u00E8 il pi\u00F9 comune."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Alkalicko-k\u0159emi\u010Dit\u00E1 reakce"@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "R\u00E9action alcali-granulat"@fr . . . . "La reazione alcali-aggregato \u00E8 una delle forme di degrado chimico del calcestruzzo che si innesca in presenza di aggregati caratterizzati da una particolare composizione mineralogica.La reazione alcali-aggregato si verifica in due forme: \n* reazione Alcali-Silice (Alkali-Silica Reaction o ASR) si manifesta in presenza di silice amorfa; \n* reazione Alcali-Silicato (Alkali- Silicate Reaction) si manifesta con aggregati, chiamati impropriamente inerti (se fossero inerti non reagirebbero), costituiti da silicati polifasici; \n* reazione Alcali-Carbonato (Alkali-Carbonate Reaction o ACR) in presenza di aggregati calcarei dolomitici. Il primo fenomeno, osservato per la prima volta negli USA da T.E. Stanton nel 1940, \u00E8 il pi\u00F9 comune."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u30A2\u30EB\u30AB\u30EA\u9AA8\u6750\u53CD\u5FDC\uFF08\u30A2\u30EB\u30AB\u30EA\u3053\u3064\u3056\u3044\u306F\u3093\u306E\u3046\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u30B3\u30F3\u30AF\u30EA\u30FC\u30C8\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u52A3\u5316\u73FE\u8C61\u306E\u4E00\u3064\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u30B3\u30F3\u30AF\u30EA\u30FC\u30C8\u306B\u542B\u307E\u308C\u308B\u30A2\u30EB\u30AB\u30EA\u6027\u306E\u6C34\u6EB6\u6DB2\u304C\u9AA8\u6750\uFF08\u7802\u5229\u3084\u7802\uFF09\u306E\u7279\u5B9A\u6210\u5206\u3068\u53CD\u5FDC\u3057\u3001\u7570\u5E38\u81A8\u5F35\u3084\u305D\u308C\u306B\u4F34\u3046\u3072\u3073\u5272\u308C\u306A\u3069\u3092\u5F15\u304D\u8D77\u3053\u3059\u3002ASR\u3068\u7565\u3055\u308C\u3001\u30A2\u30EB\u9AA8\uFF08\u30A2\u30EB\u3053\u3064\uFF09\u3068\u7565\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . "\uC54C\uCE7C\uB9AC \uACE8\uC7AC \uBC18\uC751"@ko . . . . . . . . . . "\uC54C\uCE7C\uB9AC \uACE8\uC7AC \uBC18\uC751\uC774\uB780 \uD3EC\uD2C0\uB79C\uB4DC \uC2DC\uBA58\uD2B8\uC640 \uACE8\uC7AC \uB0B4\uC758 \uBC18\uC751\uC131 \uC2E4\uB9AC\uCE74 \uBB3C\uC9C8\uC774 \uBC18\uC751\uD558\uC5EC \uCF58\uD06C\uB9AC\uD2B8 \uB0B4\uC5D0 \uD33D\uCC3D\uC744 \uC720\uBC1C\uD558\uB294 \uD604\uC0C1\uC744 \uB9D0\uD55C\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Alkalicko-k\u0159emi\u010Dit\u00E1 reakce (anglicky Alkali\u2013silica reaction, ASR, AKR) je dlouhodob\u00E1 chemick\u00E1 reakce, kter\u00E1 vede k poru\u0161en\u00ED struktury a materi\u00E1lov\u00FDch vlastnost\u00ED betonu. Jedn\u00E1 se o jeden z druh\u016F alkalick\u00E9 reakce kameniva (ARK, AAR). P\u0159edstavuje reakci, b\u011Bhem kter\u00E9 se ve vysoce z\u00E1sadit\u00E9m prost\u0159ed\u00ED cementov\u00E9 pasty rozpou\u0161t\u011Bj\u00ED reaktivn\u00ED formy oxidu k\u0159emi\u010Dit\u00E9ho (SiO2) obsa\u017Een\u00E9 v kamenivu za tvorby bobtnaj\u00EDc\u00EDho alkalick\u00E9ho gelu a ta vede k poru\u0161en\u00ED struktury betonu. \u010Cast\u00FDm \u0159e\u0161en\u00EDm t\u011Bchto probl\u00E9m\u016F m\u016F\u017Ee b\u00FDt i demolice stavby. Alkalicko-k\u0159emi\u010Dit\u00E1 reakce ovliv\u0148uje zejm\u00E9na , ty jsou toti\u017E vystaveny st\u00E1l\u00E9mu p\u016Fsoben\u00ED vody, vlhkosti a v zimn\u00EDm obdob\u00ED tak\u00E9 (CHRL)."@cs . . "Die Alkali-Kiesels\u00E4ure-Reaktion (kurz AKR) oder auch nur Alkalireaktion oder Alkalitreiben, umgangssprachlich auch Betonkrebs, ist die chemische Reaktion zwischen Alkalien des Zementsteins im Beton und der Gesteinsk\u00F6rnung mit alkalil\u00F6slicher Kiesels\u00E4ure. Die Bezeichnung Alkali-Aggregat-Reaktion (AAR) fasst \u00E4hnliche Prozesse zusammen, von denen die AKR die wichtigste ist. Es entstehen aus L\u00F6schkalk (Ca(OH)2) und Quarz (SiO2) durch Kristallbildung u. a. Wollastonit und andere Calciumsilicate, z. B. Ca(OH)2 \u2022 SiO2. Die Reaktion kann schwere Sch\u00E4den an Betonkonstruktionen wie Br\u00FCcken und Autobahnbel\u00E4gen hervorrufen. Sie tritt auf, wenn der Beton der Feuchtigkeit ausgesetzt ist und mit Kies hergestellt wurde, der zu viel l\u00F6sliche Kiesels\u00E4uren enth\u00E4lt. In Deutschland wurde der Sanierungsbedarf allein f\u00FCr die von Betonkrebs befallenen Pisten der Flugh\u00E4fen 2016 auf 1,2 Milliarden Euro gesch\u00E4tzt."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Die Alkali-Kiesels\u00E4ure-Reaktion (kurz AKR) oder auch nur Alkalireaktion oder Alkalitreiben, umgangssprachlich auch Betonkrebs, ist die chemische Reaktion zwischen Alkalien des Zementsteins im Beton und der Gesteinsk\u00F6rnung mit alkalil\u00F6slicher Kiesels\u00E4ure. Die Bezeichnung Alkali-Aggregat-Reaktion (AAR) fasst \u00E4hnliche Prozesse zusammen, von denen die AKR die wichtigste ist. Es entstehen aus L\u00F6schkalk (Ca(OH)2) und Quarz (SiO2) durch Kristallbildung u. a. Wollastonit und andere Calciumsilicate, z. B. Ca(OH)2 \u2022 SiO2."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Rea\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E1lcali-agregado (RAA) \u00E9 um termo usado principalmente para se referir a rea\u00E7\u00E3o que ocorre no concreto no estado endurecido em idades tardias entre \u00E1lcalis(\u00F3xido de s\u00F3dio ou \u00F3xido de pot\u00E1ssio) . Essa rea\u00E7\u00E3o normalmente causa expans\u00E3o pela forma\u00E7\u00E3o de um gel expansivo(tamb\u00E9m chamado de gel de s\u00EDlica,/gel s\u00EDlico-alcalino) que absorve \u00E1gua por osmose e se expande entre os poros do concreto, at\u00E9 que os espa\u00E7os vazios terminem e leve a um aumento de tens\u00E3o. Esse aumento nos esfor\u00E7os internos pode causar a fissura\u00E7\u00E3o , e perda de resist\u00EAncia do concreto. \u00C9 um dos fen\u00F4menos que mais interfere na durabilidade do concreto. Esse fen\u00F4meno foi identificado pela primeira vez por Stanton nos Estados Unidos. O maior n\u00FAmero de estruturas atingidas est\u00E1 na America do Norte, por\u00E9m h\u00E1 casos documentados recentemente no Brasil. Embora seja documentado desde 1940, n\u00E3o foi formulado at\u00E9 hoje nenhum modelo num\u00E9rico para simular sua influ\u00EAncia sobre uma estrutura. Foram propostos diferentes mecanismos de sua atua\u00E7\u00E3o por pesquisadores como: L\u00E9ger et al e Peterson e Ulm. A rea\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E1lcali-agregado \u00E9 gen\u00E9rica, mas relativamente vaga, podendo levar a confus\u00F5es. Defini\u00E7\u00F5es mais precisas s\u00E3o as abaixo: 1. \n* Rea\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E1lcali-s\u00EDlica(ASR, tipo mais comum); 2. \n* Rea\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E1lcali-silicato; e 3. \n* Rea\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E1lcali-carbonato. Como existe uma depend\u00EAncia da umidade este tipo de rea\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E9 mais comum em obras hidr\u00E1ulicas(ou expostas a umidade). Tamb\u00E9m recomenda-se maior preocupa\u00E7\u00E3o em obras de estruturas especiais, mesmo que sejam maci\u00E7as e secas."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Rea\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E1lcali-agregado (RAA) \u00E9 um termo usado principalmente para se referir a rea\u00E7\u00E3o que ocorre no concreto no estado endurecido em idades tardias entre \u00E1lcalis(\u00F3xido de s\u00F3dio ou \u00F3xido de pot\u00E1ssio) . Essa rea\u00E7\u00E3o normalmente causa expans\u00E3o pela forma\u00E7\u00E3o de um gel expansivo(tamb\u00E9m chamado de gel de s\u00EDlica,/gel s\u00EDlico-alcalino) que absorve \u00E1gua por osmose e se expande entre os poros do concreto, at\u00E9 que os espa\u00E7os vazios terminem e leve a um aumento de tens\u00E3o. Esse aumento nos esfor\u00E7os internos pode causar a fissura\u00E7\u00E3o , e perda de resist\u00EAncia do concreto."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u30A2\u30EB\u30AB\u30EA\u9AA8\u6750\u53CD\u5FDC"@ja . . . . . . . "\uC54C\uCE7C\uB9AC \uACE8\uC7AC \uBC18\uC751\uC774\uB780 \uD3EC\uD2C0\uB79C\uB4DC \uC2DC\uBA58\uD2B8\uC640 \uACE8\uC7AC \uB0B4\uC758 \uBC18\uC751\uC131 \uC2E4\uB9AC\uCE74 \uBB3C\uC9C8\uC774 \uBC18\uC751\uD558\uC5EC \uCF58\uD06C\uB9AC\uD2B8 \uB0B4\uC5D0 \uD33D\uCC3D\uC744 \uC720\uBC1C\uD558\uB294 \uD604\uC0C1\uC744 \uB9D0\uD55C\uB2E4."@ko . . . "\u30A2\u30EB\u30AB\u30EA\u9AA8\u6750\u53CD\u5FDC\uFF08\u30A2\u30EB\u30AB\u30EA\u3053\u3064\u3056\u3044\u306F\u3093\u306E\u3046\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u30B3\u30F3\u30AF\u30EA\u30FC\u30C8\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u52A3\u5316\u73FE\u8C61\u306E\u4E00\u3064\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u30B3\u30F3\u30AF\u30EA\u30FC\u30C8\u306B\u542B\u307E\u308C\u308B\u30A2\u30EB\u30AB\u30EA\u6027\u306E\u6C34\u6EB6\u6DB2\u304C\u9AA8\u6750\uFF08\u7802\u5229\u3084\u7802\uFF09\u306E\u7279\u5B9A\u6210\u5206\u3068\u53CD\u5FDC\u3057\u3001\u7570\u5E38\u81A8\u5F35\u3084\u305D\u308C\u306B\u4F34\u3046\u3072\u3073\u5272\u308C\u306A\u3069\u3092\u5F15\u304D\u8D77\u3053\u3059\u3002ASR\u3068\u7565\u3055\u308C\u3001\u30A2\u30EB\u9AA8\uFF08\u30A2\u30EB\u3053\u3064\uFF09\u3068\u7565\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . "74224"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Les r\u00E9actions alcali-granulat (aussi connues sur l'acronyme RAG) constituent une famille de r\u00E9actions de d\u00E9gradation endog\u00E8nes aux b\u00E9tons. Ces r\u00E9actions ont lieu entre les ions hydroxyles (OH\u2212) accompagn\u00E9s (en raison de l'\u00E9lectro-neutralit\u00E9 des solutions aqueuses) par les ions alcalins solubles (Na+, K+) pr\u00E9sents dans la solution interstitielle du b\u00E9ton (principalement ions sodium et potassium) et les granulats. Elles conduisent au gonflement et \u00E0 la fissuration des b\u00E9tons affect\u00E9s ainsi qu'\u00E0 une diminution des propri\u00E9t\u00E9s m\u00E9caniques du b\u00E9ton (r\u00E9sistance \u00E0 la compression, \u00E0 la traction, \u00E0 la flexion, et modification du module de Young) r\u00E9duisant ainsi la dur\u00E9e de vie des ouvrages affect\u00E9s. Ces r\u00E9actions ont lieu sous trois conditions : \n* r\u00E9activit\u00E9 des granulats ; \n* pr\u00E9sence en quantit\u00E9s suffisantes d'ions hydroxydes et de cations alcalins en solution interstitielle ; \n* taux d'humidit\u00E9 interne du b\u00E9ton suffisant. Cette famille de r\u00E9actions est compos\u00E9e de 3 r\u00E9actions : \n* la r\u00E9action alcali-silice (principale responsable de la RAG) ; \n* la r\u00E9action alcali-silicate (si le b\u00E9ton est souill\u00E9 par de la terre ou des argiles) ; \n* la r\u00E9action alcali-carbonate (beaucoup moins fr\u00E9quente et impliquant la dolomie)."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .