. "Uma rea\u00E7\u00E3o de acoplamento em qu\u00EDmica org\u00E2nica \u00E9 uma nomenclatura gen\u00E9rica para toda uma classe de rea\u00E7\u00F5es em qu\u00EDmica organomet\u00E1lica onde dois fragmentos de hidrocarbonetos s\u00E3o acoplados com a ajuda de um catalisador met\u00E1lico. Em um tipo de rea\u00E7\u00E3o importante, um grupo composto organomet\u00E1lico principal do tipo RM (R = fragmento org\u00E2nico, M = centro do grupo principal) reage com um haleto org\u00E2nico do tipo R'X com forma\u00E7\u00E3o de uma nova liga\u00E7\u00E3o carbono-carbono no produto R-R' Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi e foram agraciados com o Nobel Pr\u00EAmio Nobel de Qu\u00EDmica 2010 pelo desenvolvimento de rea\u00E7\u00F5es de acoplamento cruzado catalisadas com pal\u00E1dio. Em termos gerais, s\u00E3o reconhecidos dois tipos de rea\u00E7\u00F5es de acoplamento: \n* heteroacoplamento acopla dois parceiros diferentes, por exemplo, a rea\u00E7\u00E3o de Heck de um alceno (RC=CH) e um haleto de alquila (R'-X) resultando em um alceno substitu\u00EDdo (RC=CR'). \n* homoacoplamento acopla dois parceiros id\u00EAnticos, por exemplo, o de duas acetilidas (RC\u2261CH) para formar um dialquino (RC\u2261C-C\u2261CR)."@pt . . . "\u0420\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F"@uk . "P\u00E1rovac\u00ED reakce je ozna\u010Den\u00ED organick\u00FDch reakc\u00ED, p\u0159i kter\u00FDch se spoj\u00ED dv\u011B men\u0161\u00ED molekuly za katal\u00FDzy kovem. P\u0159\u00EDkladem m\u016F\u017Ee b\u00FDt reakce, kdy organokovov\u00E1 slou\u010Denina R-M (R = organick\u00E1 skupina, M = kov hlavn\u00ED skupiny) reaguje s organohalogenidem R'-X za tvorby produktu R-R' obsahuj\u00EDc\u00EDho novou vazbu uhl\u00EDk\u2013uhl\u00EDk. Nej\u010Dast\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDm druhem p\u00E1rovac\u00EDch reakc\u00ED jsou k\u0159\u00ED\u017Eov\u00E9 p\u00E1rovac\u00ED reakce. Richard F. Heck, Ei\u010Di Negi\u0161i a Akira Suzuki z\u00EDskali v roce 2010 Nobelovu cenu za chemii za rozvoj k\u0159\u00ED\u017Eov\u00FDch p\u00E1rovac\u00EDch reakc\u00ED katalyzovan\u00FDch palladiem. Rozli\u0161uj\u00ED se dva hlavn\u00ED druhy p\u00E1rovac\u00EDch reakc\u00ED: \n* Heterop\u00E1rov\u00E1n\u00ED, neboli k\u0159\u00ED\u017Eov\u00E9 p\u00E1rov\u00E1n\u00ED, kdy se spojuj\u00ED dv\u011B slou\u010Deniny r\u016Fzn\u00E9ho typu; sem pat\u0159\u00ED nap\u0159\u00EDklad Heckova reakce alkenu (RC=CH) a halogenalkanu (R'-X) za vzniku substituovan\u00E9ho alkenu. \n* Homop\u00E1rov\u00E1n\u00ED, kde se spojuj\u00ED dv\u011B slou\u010Deniny stejn\u00E9ho druhu; lze sem za\u0159adit Glaserovo p\u00E1rov\u00E1n\u00ED dvou acetylid\u016F (RC\u2261CH) za tvorby dialkynu (RC\u2261C-C\u2261CR)."@cs . . . . . . . . . "Un reacci\u00F3 d'acoblament (en angl\u00E8s: Coupling reaction) en qu\u00EDmica org\u00E0nica \u00E9s un terme que s'aplica a totes aquelles reaccions qu\u00EDmiques en les quals dos fragments d'hidrocarburs s'uneixen o s'enllacen per formar una sola mol\u00E8cula, amb k'ajut d'un catalitzador met\u00E0l\u00B7lic. Representen un tipus de reaccions molt important en s\u00EDntesi org\u00E0nica, car permeten crear enlla\u00E7os carboni-carboni o carboni-hetero\u00E0tom. Les contribucions a l'estudi de les reaccions d'acoblament d'Ei-ichi Negishi i Akira Suzuki van ser reconegudes amb el Premi Nobel de Qu\u00EDmica 2010, que va ser compartit amb Richard F. Heck."@ca . . . "P\u00E1rovac\u00ED reakce"@cs . . "\u0420\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043E\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0432 \u043E\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0445\u0438\u043C\u0438\u0438 \u2014 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0432 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0443\u0433\u043B\u0435\u0432\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043E\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043D\u044F\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u043A\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0430 \u043D\u0430 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0435 \u043C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043B\u043B\u0430. \u0412 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043E\u0442 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043A \u0440\u0435\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u0432\u044B\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043E\u043A\u0438\u0441\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043E\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043E\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043E\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F. \u0420\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043E\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u0443\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0444\u0430\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043E\u043F\u0440\u044F\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0432. \u0417\u0430 \u0432\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434 \u0432 \u043F\u043E\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043E\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0410\u043A\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0421\u0443\u0434\u0437\u0443\u043A\u0438, \u042D\u0439\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u041D\u044D\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0438 \u0420\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0440\u0434 \u0425\u0435\u043A \u0432 2010 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0438 \u0443\u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0435\u043D\u044B \u041D\u043E\u0431\u0435\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043F\u043E \u0445\u0438\u043C\u0438\u0438."@ru . . "Reacci\u00F3 d'acoblament"@ca . . . . . . . . . "Una reacci\u00F3n de acoplamiento, en qu\u00EDmica org\u00E1nica, es una reacci\u00F3n org\u00E1nica en el que dos fragmentos de hidrocarburos se unen formando un nuevo enlace qu\u00EDmico para formar una sola mol\u00E9cula, con la ayuda de un catalizador.\u200B Representan un tipo de reacciones muy importante en s\u00EDntesis org\u00E1nica pues permiten crear enlaces carbono-carbono o carbono-hetero\u00E1tomo.\u200B En un ejemplo importante para este tipo de reacciones, es un grupo principal de un compuesto organomet\u00E1lico del tipo R-M (R = fragmento org\u00E1nico, M = centro del grupo principal) donde este reacciona con un haluro org\u00E1nico del tipo R'X para la formaci\u00F3n de un nuevo enlace carbono-carbono para dar el producto R-R'.\u200B Las contribuciones al estudio de las reacciones de acoplamiento de Ei-ichi Negishi y Akira Suzuki, fueron reconocidas con el Premio Nobel de Qu\u00EDmica 2010, que fue compartido con Richard F. Heck.\u200B"@es . . "\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062F\u0648\u0627\u062C \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u064A\u0631\u062A\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064A\u0647\u0627 \u062C\u0632\u0626\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064A\u062F\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062F\u0646 \u064A\u062D\u062A\u0648\u064A \u0645\u062D\u0641\u0632. \u064A\u062C\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062A\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062F\u0648\u0627\u062C \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0646\u0641\u064A\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064A\u064A\u0646: \n* \u0627\u0632\u062F\u0648\u0627\u062C \u0645\u062A\u0628\u0627\u062F\u0644 (Cross couplings) \u064A\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u062C\u0632\u064A\u0626\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u064A\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u062C\u0632\u064A\u0626\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062D\u062F\u0627 \u062C\u062F\u064A\u062F\u0627. \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064A\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064A\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0641\u0632 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064A\u062F \u0623\u0631\u064A\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063A\u0646\u0632\u064A\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0627\u0644\u064A\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u064A\u0644 \u0644\u062A\u0634\u0643\u064A\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u064A\u0644 \u0645\u0632\u062F\u0648\u062C. \u0645\u062B\u0627\u0644 Stille Coupling: \n* \u0627\u0632\u062F\u0648\u0627\u062C \u0645\u062B\u0644\u064A (homocoupling) \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062F\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062D\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u062C\u0632\u064A\u0626\u064A\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0644\u064A\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u064A\u0644 \u0644\u064A\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u064A\u0644 \u0645\u0632\u062F\u0648\u062C. \u064A\u062A\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u063A\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u062F\u0631\u062C\u0627\u062A \u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062F \u0627\u0633\u062A\u0628\u062F\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0626\u064A (palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions)."@ar . . . . . . . . "1711465"^^ . . . . "\u0420\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u2014 \u0434\u043E \u0446\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0442\u0438\u043F\u0443 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u044F\u0442\u044C \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0456\u0457, \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u044F\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0437 \u043C\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0443\u043B \u0434\u0432\u043E\u0445 \u0430\u0431\u043E \u043A\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0438 \u0441\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D \u0443\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u044E\u044E\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043C\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0443\u043B\u0438 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0441\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0438. \u041D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434: \n* Fe + S = FeS \n* CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2 \n* SO3 + H2O = H2SO4 \n* CuSO4 + H2S = CuS\u2193 + H2SO4"@uk . . . . "\u5076\u8054\u53CD\u5E94\uFF0C\u4E5F\u5199\u4F5C\u8026\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u3001\u5076\u5408\u53CD\u5E94\u6216\u8026\u8054\u53CD\u5E94\uFF0C\u662F\u4E24\u4E2A\u5316\u5B66\u5B9E\u4F53\uFF08\u6216\u5355\u4F4D\uFF09\u7ED3\u5408\u751F\u6210\u4E00\u4E2A\u5206\u5B50\u7684\u6709\u673A\u5316\u5B66\u53CD\u5E94\u3002\u72ED\u4E49\u7684\u5076\u8054\u53CD\u5E94\u662F\u6D89\u53CA\u6709\u673A\u91D1\u5C5E\u50AC\u5316\u5242\u7684\u78B3-\u78B3\u952E\u5F62\u6210\u53CD\u5E94\uFF0C\u6839\u636E\u7C7B\u578B\u7684\u4E0D\u540C\uFF0C\u53C8\u53EF\u5206\u4E3A\u4EA4\u53C9\u5076\u8054\u548C\u81EA\u8EAB\u5076\u8054\u53CD\u5E94\u3002\u5728\u5076\u8054\u53CD\u5E94\u4E2D\u6709\u4E00\u7C7B\u91CD\u8981\u7684\u53CD\u5E94\uFF0CRM\uFF08R = \u6709\u673A\u7247\u6BB5, M = \u4E3B\u57FA\u56E2\u4E2D\u5FC3\uFF09\u4E0ER'X\u7684\u6709\u673A\u5364\u7D20\u5316\u5408\u7269\u53CD\u5E94\uFF0C\u5F62\u6210\u5177\u6709\u65B0\u78B3-\u78B3\u952E\u7684\u4EA7\u7269R-R'\u3002 \u7531\u4E8E\u5F00\u53D1\u94AF\u50AC\u5316\u5076\u8054\u53CD\u5E94\u7684\u7A81\u51FA\u8D21\u732E\uFF0C\u6839\u5CB8\u82F1\u4E00\u3001\u94C3\u6728\u7AE0\u4E0E\u7406\u67E5\u5FB7\u00B7\u8D6B\u514B\u5171\u540C\u88AB\u6388\u4E88\u4E862010\u5E74\u5EA6\u8BFA\u8D1D\u5C14\u5316\u5B66\u5956\u3002 \u5076\u8054\u53CD\u5E94\u5927\u4F53\u53EF\u5206\u4E3A\u4E24\u79CD\u7C7B\u578B\uFF1A \n* \u4EA4\u53C9\u5076\u8054\u53CD\u5E94\uFF1A\u4E24\u79CD\u4E0D\u540C\u7684\u7247\u6BB5\u8FDE\u63A5\u6210\u4E00\u4E2A\u5206\u5B50\uFF0C\u5982\uFF1A\u6EB4\u82EF (PhBr)\u4E0E\u4E59\u70EF\u5F62\u6210\u82EF\u4E59\u70EF(PhCH=CH2)\u3002 \n* \u81EA\u8EAB\u5076\u8054\u53CD\u5E94\uFF1A\u76F8\u540C\u7684\u4E24\u4E2A\u7247\u6BB5\u5F62\u6210\u4E00\u4E2A\u5206\u5B50\uFF0C\u5982\uFF1A\u7898\u82EF (PhI)\u81EA\u8EAB\u5F62\u6210 \u8054\u82EF (Ph-Ph)\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . . . "Accoppiamento ossidativo"@it . . "Kupplungsreaktion"@de . "Coupling reaction"@en . . . . . . "A coupling reaction in organic chemistry is a general term for a variety of reactions where two fragments are joined together with the aid of a metal catalyst. In one important reaction type, a main group organometallic compound of the type R-M (R = organic fragment, M = main group center) reacts with an organic halide of the type R'-X with formation of a new carbon-carbon bond in the product R-R'. The most common type of coupling reaction is the cross coupling reaction. Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, and Akira Suzuki were awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reactions. Broadly speaking, two types of coupling reactions are recognized: \n* Heterocouplings combine two different partners, such as in the Heck reaction of an alkene (RC=CH) and an alkyl halide (R'-X) to give a substituted alkene, or the Corey\u2013House synthesis of an alkane by the reaction of a lithium diorganylcuprate (R2CuLi) with an organyl (pseudo)halide (R'X). Heterocouplings are also called cross-couplings. \n* Homocouplings couple two identical partners, as in the Glaser coupling of two acetylides (RC\u2261CH) to form a dialkyne (RC\u2261C-C\u2261CR)."@en . . . . "\u5076\u8054\u53CD\u5E94"@zh . . . . . . . "Uma rea\u00E7\u00E3o de acoplamento em qu\u00EDmica org\u00E2nica \u00E9 uma nomenclatura gen\u00E9rica para toda uma classe de rea\u00E7\u00F5es em qu\u00EDmica organomet\u00E1lica onde dois fragmentos de hidrocarbonetos s\u00E3o acoplados com a ajuda de um catalisador met\u00E1lico. Em um tipo de rea\u00E7\u00E3o importante, um grupo composto organomet\u00E1lico principal do tipo RM (R = fragmento org\u00E2nico, M = centro do grupo principal) reage com um haleto org\u00E2nico do tipo R'X com forma\u00E7\u00E3o de uma nova liga\u00E7\u00E3o carbono-carbono no produto R-R' Em termos gerais, s\u00E3o reconhecidos dois tipos de rea\u00E7\u00F5es de acoplamento:"@pt . . . . "Rea\u00E7\u00E3o de acoplamento"@pt . . "\u30AB\u30C3\u30D7\u30EA\u30F3\u30B0\u53CD\u5FDC\uFF08\u82F1: coupling reaction\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u30012\u3064\u306E\u5316\u5B66\u7269\u8CEA\u3092\u9078\u629E\u7684\u306B\u7D50\u5408\u3055\u305B\u308B\u53CD\u5FDC\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3002\u7279\u306B\u3001\u305D\u308C\u305E\u308C\u306E\u7269\u8CEA\u304C\u6BD4\u8F03\u7684\u5927\u304D\u306A\u69CB\u9020\uFF08\u30E6\u30CB\u30C3\u30C8\uFF09\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3068\u304D\u306B\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308C\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u591A\u3044\u3002\u5929\u7136\u7269\u306E\u5168\u5408\u6210\u306A\u3069\u3067\u591A\u7528\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002"@ja . . "Reakcja sprz\u0119gania \u2013 w chemii organicznej zwyczajowe okre\u015Blenie niekt\u00F3rych reakcji kondensacji prowadz\u0105cych do wytworzenia wi\u0105zania w\u0119giel-w\u0119giel lub w\u0119giel-heteroatom."@pl . . . . . "Een koppelingsreactie is de overkoepelende naam voor een reactie in de organische chemie waarbij twee koolstoffragmenten (formeel aangeduid als A en B) aan elkaar worden gekoppeld met behulp van een metaal als katalysator. Algemeen kunnen er twee grote groepen onderscheiden worden: \n* Homokoppelingsreacties: daarbij worden twee identieke fragmenten aan elkaar gekoppeld (A\u2013A of B\u2013B) \n* Crosskoppelingsreacties: daarbij worden twee verschillende fragmenten aan elkaar gekoppeld (A\u2013B) In 2010 werd de Nobelprijs voor de Scheikunde uitgereikt aan Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi en Akira Suzuki voor hun belangrijke bijdragen aan koppelingsreacties met palladium als katalysator."@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Un accoppiamento ossidativo \u00E8 una reazione di chimica organica che coinvolge due substrati idrocarburici i quali, in presenza di un catalizzatore spesso di tipo metallico, generano radicali liberi che condensando formando un nuovo legame (generalmente C-O, C-N, oppure C-C), per cui lo stato di ossidazione degli atomi coinvolti nell'accoppiamento risulta superiore. Le reazioni di accoppiamento ossidativo si dividono comunemente in due ulteriori classi:"@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "P\u00E1rovac\u00ED reakce je ozna\u010Den\u00ED organick\u00FDch reakc\u00ED, p\u0159i kter\u00FDch se spoj\u00ED dv\u011B men\u0161\u00ED molekuly za katal\u00FDzy kovem. P\u0159\u00EDkladem m\u016F\u017Ee b\u00FDt reakce, kdy organokovov\u00E1 slou\u010Denina R-M (R = organick\u00E1 skupina, M = kov hlavn\u00ED skupiny) reaguje s organohalogenidem R'-X za tvorby produktu R-R' obsahuj\u00EDc\u00EDho novou vazbu uhl\u00EDk\u2013uhl\u00EDk. Nej\u010Dast\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDm druhem p\u00E1rovac\u00EDch reakc\u00ED jsou k\u0159\u00ED\u017Eov\u00E9 p\u00E1rovac\u00ED reakce. Richard F. Heck, Ei\u010Di Negi\u0161i a Akira Suzuki z\u00EDskali v roce 2010 Nobelovu cenu za chemii za rozvoj k\u0159\u00ED\u017Eov\u00FDch p\u00E1rovac\u00EDch reakc\u00ED katalyzovan\u00FDch palladiem. Rozli\u0161uj\u00ED se dva hlavn\u00ED druhy p\u00E1rovac\u00EDch reakc\u00ED:"@cs . "Een koppelingsreactie is de overkoepelende naam voor een reactie in de organische chemie waarbij twee koolstoffragmenten (formeel aangeduid als A en B) aan elkaar worden gekoppeld met behulp van een metaal als katalysator. Algemeen kunnen er twee grote groepen onderscheiden worden: \n* Homokoppelingsreacties: daarbij worden twee identieke fragmenten aan elkaar gekoppeld (A\u2013A of B\u2013B) \n* Crosskoppelingsreacties: daarbij worden twee verschillende fragmenten aan elkaar gekoppeld (A\u2013B)"@nl . "\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0632\u062F\u0648\u0627\u062C"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Reakcja sprz\u0119gania"@pl . . . . . "Un accoppiamento ossidativo \u00E8 una reazione di chimica organica che coinvolge due substrati idrocarburici i quali, in presenza di un catalizzatore spesso di tipo metallico, generano radicali liberi che condensando formando un nuovo legame (generalmente C-O, C-N, oppure C-C), per cui lo stato di ossidazione degli atomi coinvolti nell'accoppiamento risulta superiore. Le reazioni di accoppiamento ossidativo si dividono comunemente in due ulteriori classi: \n* accoppiamento incrociato, in cui due molecole differenti reagiscono fra loro; un esempio ne \u00E8 la reazione dell'alogenuro di un arilmagnesio con un cloruro arilico in presenza di cloruro di nichel come catalizzatore, per formare un . \n* omoaccoppiamento, dove si ha un solo substrato; sempre nell'esempio di formazione di un biarile si pu\u00F2 citare la reazione di Ullmann in cui un alogenuro arilico reagisce in presenza di rame come catalizzatore. Questa reazione richiede generalmente temperature pi\u00F9 alte. Rappresenta un tipo di reazioni molto importante nella sintesi organica in quanto permettono creare legami carbonio-carbonio e carbonio-eteroatomo.Un esempio importante \u00E8 quello in cui un gruppo principale di un composto organometallico (dove gli atomi di carbonio si legano a un atomo di metallo mediante legame covalente) del tipo R-M (R=frammento organico e M=centro del gruppo principale) reazione con un alogenuro organico del tipo R'X con la formazione di un nuovo legame carbonio-carbonio per dare come prodotto R-R': I contributi per lo studio di questo genere di reazioni da parte di Ei-ichi Negishi e Akira Suzuki furono riconosciuto con il Premio Nobel per la chimica nel 2010, premio condividiso con Richard Heck."@it . . "Una reacci\u00F3n de acoplamiento, en qu\u00EDmica org\u00E1nica, es una reacci\u00F3n org\u00E1nica en el que dos fragmentos de hidrocarburos se unen formando un nuevo enlace qu\u00EDmico para formar una sola mol\u00E9cula, con la ayuda de un catalizador.\u200B Representan un tipo de reacciones muy importante en s\u00EDntesis org\u00E1nica pues permiten crear enlaces carbono-carbono o carbono-hetero\u00E1tomo.\u200B Las contribuciones al estudio de las reacciones de acoplamiento de Ei-ichi Negishi y Akira Suzuki, fueron reconocidas con el Premio Nobel de Qu\u00EDmica 2010, que fue compartido con Richard F. Heck.\u200B"@es . . . . "En chimie organique, une r\u00E9action de couplage est une transformation qui permet l'association de deux radicaux hydrocarbures, en g\u00E9n\u00E9ral \u00E0 l'aide d'un catalyseur m\u00E9tallique. Deux classifications sont possibles en fonction de la nature du produit form\u00E9 ou de celle des r\u00E9actifs mis en jeu : \n* dans le premier cas, si le produit est sym\u00E9trique (form\u00E9 par l'association de deux mol\u00E9cules identiques), on parle d'homocouplage. Il s'agit en g\u00E9n\u00E9ral de la r\u00E9action d'un halog\u00E9nure aromatique avec une deuxi\u00E8me mol\u00E9cule identique ou de celle d'un organom\u00E9tallique de la m\u00EAme mani\u00E8re. Si le produit n'est pas sym\u00E9trique, on parle de couplage crois\u00E9, qui fait en g\u00E9n\u00E9ral intervenir un compos\u00E9 organom\u00E9tallique et un halog\u00E9nure (ou pseudo-halog\u00E9nure) ; \n* la seconde classification, d'origine m\u00E9canistique, s'applique principalement (mais pas seulement) aux homocouplages qui peuvent \u00EAtre soit oxydants, si les carbones associ\u00E9s voient leur nombre d'oxydation augmenter au cours de la r\u00E9action, soit r\u00E9ducteurs dans le cas o\u00F9 les nombres d'oxydation diminuent. Pour des raisons de contr\u00F4le des produits form\u00E9s, il est difficile d'\u00E9tendre ce mode de r\u00E9action aux couplages crois\u00E9s, mais des \u00E9tudes se fondant sur une cin\u00E9tique bien ma\u00EEtris\u00E9e des r\u00E9actions concurrentes ont \u00E9t\u00E9 mises au point r\u00E9cemment. La r\u00E9action d'Ullmann est d'un exemple d'homocouplage : il s'agit de la r\u00E9action catalys\u00E9e par du cuivre m\u00E9tallique de deux mol\u00E9cules d'un halog\u00E9nure d'aryle afin de former un biaryle. La r\u00E9action d'Ullmann n\u00E9cessite parfois de tr\u00E8s hautes temp\u00E9ratures, et peut \u00EAtre parfois remplac\u00E9e en chimie de synth\u00E8se par des r\u00E9actions catalys\u00E9e par du palladium. De nombreuses r\u00E9actions de couplage concernent les ph\u00E9nols. Le BINOL est le produit de r\u00E9action C-C du napht-2-ol avec du chlorure de cuivre (II) et le 2,6-Xyl\u00E9nol dim\u00E9rise avec le diac\u00E9tate d'iodosobenz\u00E8ne. Un des m\u00E9taux les plus communs pour ce type de r\u00E9actions est le palladium, parfois ajout\u00E9 sous la forme du . De nombreux autres m\u00E9taux, tels le nickel, le cobalt, le fer, le rhodium et le mangan\u00E8se, sont \u00E9galement utilis\u00E9s. Alors que de nombreuses r\u00E9actions de couplage impliquent des r\u00E9actifs extr\u00EAmement sensibles \u00E0 la pr\u00E9sence d'eau ou d'oxyg\u00E8ne, il est raisonnable d'affirmer que toutes les r\u00E9actions de couplages doivent \u00EAtre r\u00E9alis\u00E9es en stricte absence d'eau. Il est possible de r\u00E9aliser des r\u00E9actions de couplage avec du palladium dans des solutions aqueuses en utilisant des phosphines sulfon\u00E9es solubles dans l'eau synth\u00E9tis\u00E9es par la r\u00E9action de la triph\u00E9nylphosphine avec de l'acide sulfurique. En g\u00E9n\u00E9ral, l'oxyg\u00E8ne de l'air est encore plus capable de faire avorter les r\u00E9actions de couplages : en effet, nombre de ces r\u00E9actions se produisent gr\u00E2ce \u00E0 des complexes de m\u00E9taux insatur\u00E9s ne poss\u00E9dant pas 18 \u00E9lectrons de valence. Ainsi, les couplages crois\u00E9s par nickel ou palladium un complexe \u00E0 valence nulle avec deux sites vacants (ou ligands labiles) r\u00E9agit avec la liaison carbone-halog\u00E8ne afin de former une liaison m\u00E9tal-halog\u00E8ne et une liaison m\u00E9tal-carbone. Un tel complexe \u00E0 valence z\u00E9ro avec des ligands labiles ou des sites de coordination vides est normalement tr\u00E8s r\u00E9actif \u00E0 l'oxyg\u00E8ne."@fr . "Un reacci\u00F3 d'acoblament (en angl\u00E8s: Coupling reaction) en qu\u00EDmica org\u00E0nica \u00E9s un terme que s'aplica a totes aquelles reaccions qu\u00EDmiques en les quals dos fragments d'hidrocarburs s'uneixen o s'enllacen per formar una sola mol\u00E8cula, amb k'ajut d'un catalitzador met\u00E0l\u00B7lic. Representen un tipus de reaccions molt important en s\u00EDntesi org\u00E0nica, car permeten crear enlla\u00E7os carboni-carboni o carboni-hetero\u00E0tom. En un exemple important d'aquest tipus de reaccions, un grup principal d'un compost organomet\u00E0l\u00B7lic del tipus R-M (R = fragment org\u00E0nic, M = centre del grup principal) reacciona amb un halur org\u00E0nic del tipus R'X amb la formaci\u00F3 d'un nou enlla\u00E7 carboni-carboni per donar el producto R-R'. Les contribucions a l'estudi de les reaccions d'acoblament d'Ei-ichi Negishi i Akira Suzuki van ser reconegudes amb el Premi Nobel de Qu\u00EDmica 2010, que va ser compartit amb Richard F. Heck."@ca . . . . . . "\u041A\u043E\u043F\u0443\u043B\u044F\u0446\u0456\u044F (\u0445\u0456\u043C\u0456\u044F)"@uk . . . . "Kupplungsreaktion ist in der organischen Chemie der Oberbegriff f\u00FCr bestimmte Reaktionen. Im engeren Sinn handelt es sich um metallorganische Reaktionen, bei denen formal mit Hilfe eines katalytisch wirkenden Metallkomplexes zwei Kohlenwasserstoffe \u00FCber eine neue Kohlenstoff-Kohlenstoffbindung miteinander verbunden werden. Im weiteren Sinn bezeichnet es auch die Peptidsynthese, die Quervernetzung und die Molek\u00FClmarkierung. \n* Homokupplungsreaktion von (z. B. Ullmannreaktion) \n* Kreuzkupplungsreaktion (z. B. Stille-Kupplung) Die wohl wichtigsten Kupplungsreaktionen sind:"@de . . . . . "7400"^^ . . . . . "A coupling reaction in organic chemistry is a general term for a variety of reactions where two fragments are joined together with the aid of a metal catalyst. In one important reaction type, a main group organometallic compound of the type R-M (R = organic fragment, M = main group center) reacts with an organic halide of the type R'-X with formation of a new carbon-carbon bond in the product R-R'. The most common type of coupling reaction is the cross coupling reaction. Broadly speaking, two types of coupling reactions are recognized:"@en . "Koppelingsreactie"@nl . "\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062F\u0648\u0627\u062C \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u064A\u0631\u062A\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064A\u0647\u0627 \u062C\u0632\u0626\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064A\u062F\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062F\u0646 \u064A\u062D\u062A\u0648\u064A \u0645\u062D\u0641\u0632. \u064A\u062C\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062A\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062F\u0648\u0627\u062C \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0646\u0641\u064A\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064A\u064A\u0646: \n* \u0627\u0632\u062F\u0648\u0627\u062C \u0645\u062A\u0628\u0627\u062F\u0644 (Cross couplings) \u064A\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u062C\u0632\u064A\u0626\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u064A\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u062C\u0632\u064A\u0626\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062D\u062F\u0627 \u062C\u062F\u064A\u062F\u0627. \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064A\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064A\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0641\u0632 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064A\u062F \u0623\u0631\u064A\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063A\u0646\u0632\u064A\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0627\u0644\u064A\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u064A\u0644 \u0644\u062A\u0634\u0643\u064A\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u064A\u0644 \u0645\u0632\u062F\u0648\u062C. \u0645\u062B\u0627\u0644 Stille Coupling:"@ar . . . . . . . . . . "1124917632"^^ . . . . . . . . . "\u0420\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043E\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0432 \u043E\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0445\u0438\u043C\u0438\u0438 \u2014 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0432 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0443\u0433\u043B\u0435\u0432\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043E\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043D\u044F\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u043A\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0430 \u043D\u0430 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0435 \u043C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043B\u043B\u0430. \u0412 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043E\u0442 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043A \u0440\u0435\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u0432\u044B\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043E\u043A\u0438\u0441\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043E\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043E\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043E\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F. \u0420\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043E\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u0443\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0444\u0430\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043E\u043F\u0440\u044F\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0432. \u0417\u0430 \u0432\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434 \u0432 \u043F\u043E\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043E\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0410\u043A\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0421\u0443\u0434\u0437\u0443\u043A\u0438, \u042D\u0439\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u041D\u044D\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0438 \u0420\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0440\u0434 \u0425\u0435\u043A \u0432 2010 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0438 \u0443\u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0435\u043D\u044B \u041D\u043E\u0431\u0435\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043F\u043E \u0445\u0438\u043C\u0438\u0438."@ru . . . . . . . "En chimie organique, une r\u00E9action de couplage est une transformation qui permet l'association de deux radicaux hydrocarbures, en g\u00E9n\u00E9ral \u00E0 l'aide d'un catalyseur m\u00E9tallique. Deux classifications sont possibles en fonction de la nature du produit form\u00E9 ou de celle des r\u00E9actifs mis en jeu : De nombreuses r\u00E9actions de couplage concernent les ph\u00E9nols. Le BINOL est le produit de r\u00E9action C-C du napht-2-ol avec du chlorure de cuivre (II) et le 2,6-Xyl\u00E9nol dim\u00E9rise avec le diac\u00E9tate d'iodosobenz\u00E8ne."@fr . . "Reaksi penggandengan, Reaksi kopling, ataupun Penggandengan (kopling) oksidatif merupakan istilah dalam kimia organik yang merujuk pada sekelompok reaksi kimia organologam di mana dua fragmen hidrokarbon digandengkan (kopling) dengan bantuan katalis yang mengandung logam. Dalam suatu jenis reaksi ini sebuah gugus utama senyawa organologam berjenis RM (R = fragmen organik, M = gugus pusat utama) bereaksi dengan suatu halida organik jenis R'X dengan pembentukan ikatan karbon-karbon yang baru menghasilkan produk R-R'"@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Reacci\u00F3n de acoplamiento"@es . . "Reaksi penggandengan, Reaksi kopling, ataupun Penggandengan (kopling) oksidatif merupakan istilah dalam kimia organik yang merujuk pada sekelompok reaksi kimia organologam di mana dua fragmen hidrokarbon digandengkan (kopling) dengan bantuan katalis yang mengandung logam. Dalam suatu jenis reaksi ini sebuah gugus utama senyawa organologam berjenis RM (R = fragmen organik, M = gugus pusat utama) bereaksi dengan suatu halida organik jenis R'X dengan pembentukan ikatan karbon-karbon yang baru menghasilkan produk R-R' Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi dan Akira Suzuki dianugerahi Penghargaan Nobel bidang Kimia 2010 atas kinerjanya mengembangkan reaksi penggandengan silang berkatalis paladium."@in . . . . . . . "\u30AB\u30C3\u30D7\u30EA\u30F3\u30B0\u53CD\u5FDC\uFF08\u82F1: coupling reaction\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u30012\u3064\u306E\u5316\u5B66\u7269\u8CEA\u3092\u9078\u629E\u7684\u306B\u7D50\u5408\u3055\u305B\u308B\u53CD\u5FDC\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3002\u7279\u306B\u3001\u305D\u308C\u305E\u308C\u306E\u7269\u8CEA\u304C\u6BD4\u8F03\u7684\u5927\u304D\u306A\u69CB\u9020\uFF08\u30E6\u30CB\u30C3\u30C8\uFF09\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3068\u304D\u306B\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308C\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u591A\u3044\u3002\u5929\u7136\u7269\u306E\u5168\u5408\u6210\u306A\u3069\u3067\u591A\u7528\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002"@ja . "\u041A\u043E\u043F\u0443\u043B\u044F\u0301\u0446\u0456\u044F (\u0440\u043E\u0441. \u0441\u043E\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435, \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. coupling) \u2014 \u0445\u0456\u043C\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0435 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F, \u0432 \u044F\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u0430\u0454 \u0437\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0445\u0456\u043E\u043C\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u043C \u043A\u043E\u0435\u0444\u0456\u0446\u0456\u0454\u043D\u0442\u043E\u043C 2, \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0443\u043A\u0442 \u0454 \u0441\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E \u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0443\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0437\u0432\u2018\u044F\u0437\u043A\u0443, \u0430 \u043E\u0431\u0438\u0434\u0432\u0456 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u043A\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0443\u043A\u0442\u0443 \u043F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0434\u044F\u0442\u044C \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u043C\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0443\u043B: 2 \u0410-\u0412 \u2192 \u04102"@uk . . . . . "\u0420\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u2014 \u0434\u043E \u0446\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0442\u0438\u043F\u0443 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u044F\u0442\u044C \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0456\u0457, \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u044F\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0437 \u043C\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0443\u043B \u0434\u0432\u043E\u0445 \u0430\u0431\u043E \u043A\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0438 \u0441\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D \u0443\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u044E\u044E\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043C\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0443\u043B\u0438 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0441\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0438. \u041D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434: \n* Fe + S = FeS \n* CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2 \n* SO3 + H2O = H2SO4 \n* CuSO4 + H2S = CuS\u2193 + H2SO4"@uk . . "\u30AB\u30C3\u30D7\u30EA\u30F3\u30B0\u53CD\u5FDC"@ja . . . . . "R\u00E9action de couplage"@fr . . . "\u041A\u043E\u043F\u0443\u043B\u044F\u0301\u0446\u0456\u044F (\u0440\u043E\u0441. \u0441\u043E\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435, \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. coupling) \u2014 \u0445\u0456\u043C\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0435 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F, \u0432 \u044F\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u0430\u0454 \u0437\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0445\u0456\u043E\u043C\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u043C \u043A\u043E\u0435\u0444\u0456\u0446\u0456\u0454\u043D\u0442\u043E\u043C 2, \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0443\u043A\u0442 \u0454 \u0441\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E \u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0443\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0437\u0432\u2018\u044F\u0437\u043A\u0443, \u0430 \u043E\u0431\u0438\u0434\u0432\u0456 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u043A\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0443\u043A\u0442\u0443 \u043F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0434\u044F\u0442\u044C \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u043C\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0443\u043B: 2 \u0410-\u0412 \u2192 \u04102"@uk . . "Reaksi penggandengan"@in . . . . . . . . . . . "Kupplungsreaktion ist in der organischen Chemie der Oberbegriff f\u00FCr bestimmte Reaktionen. Im engeren Sinn handelt es sich um metallorganische Reaktionen, bei denen formal mit Hilfe eines katalytisch wirkenden Metallkomplexes zwei Kohlenwasserstoffe \u00FCber eine neue Kohlenstoff-Kohlenstoffbindung miteinander verbunden werden. Im weiteren Sinn bezeichnet es auch die Peptidsynthese, die Quervernetzung und die Molek\u00FClmarkierung. Man unterscheidet zwischen Homokupplungsreaktionen und Kreuzkupplungsreaktionen. Im ersten Typ reagieren zwei identische Kohlenwasserstoffe zu einem neuen Produkt, beim zweiten Typ handelt es sich um die Kupplung zweier unterschiedlicher Kohlenwasserstoffe. \n* Homokupplungsreaktion von (z. B. Ullmannreaktion) \n* Kreuzkupplungsreaktion (z. B. Stille-Kupplung) Ein h\u00E4ufig verwendetes Metall in diesem Reaktionstyp ist Palladium, sehr oft als . Dieses setzt sich in situ zum dann in der speziellen Kupplungsreaktion ben\u00F6tigten Komplex um. Da die meisten Reaktionen sehr empfindlich auf Spuren von Wasser oder Sauerstoff reagieren, ist eine Umsetzung unter Inertgasatmosph\u00E4re notwendig. Diese Empfindlichkeit beruht vor allem darauf, dass in den Reaktionen oft intermedi\u00E4r unges\u00E4ttigte Metallkomplexe (weniger als 18 Valenzelektronen) entstehen, die in der Lage w\u00E4ren, Sauerstoff aufzunehmen und so Nebenreaktionen einzuleiten. Die wohl wichtigsten Kupplungsreaktionen sind: \n* Heck-Reaktion \n* Suzuki-Kupplung \n* Hiyama-Kupplung \n* Sonogashira-Kupplung \n* Wurtzsche Synthese \n* Ullmannreaktion \n* Stille-Kupplung \n* Kumada-Kupplung (auf Grignardreagenzien basierend) \n* Negishi-Kupplung"@de . "Reakcja sprz\u0119gania \u2013 w chemii organicznej zwyczajowe okre\u015Blenie niekt\u00F3rych reakcji kondensacji prowadz\u0105cych do wytworzenia wi\u0105zania w\u0119giel-w\u0119giel lub w\u0119giel-heteroatom."@pl . "\u5076\u8054\u53CD\u5E94\uFF0C\u4E5F\u5199\u4F5C\u8026\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u3001\u5076\u5408\u53CD\u5E94\u6216\u8026\u8054\u53CD\u5E94\uFF0C\u662F\u4E24\u4E2A\u5316\u5B66\u5B9E\u4F53\uFF08\u6216\u5355\u4F4D\uFF09\u7ED3\u5408\u751F\u6210\u4E00\u4E2A\u5206\u5B50\u7684\u6709\u673A\u5316\u5B66\u53CD\u5E94\u3002\u72ED\u4E49\u7684\u5076\u8054\u53CD\u5E94\u662F\u6D89\u53CA\u6709\u673A\u91D1\u5C5E\u50AC\u5316\u5242\u7684\u78B3-\u78B3\u952E\u5F62\u6210\u53CD\u5E94\uFF0C\u6839\u636E\u7C7B\u578B\u7684\u4E0D\u540C\uFF0C\u53C8\u53EF\u5206\u4E3A\u4EA4\u53C9\u5076\u8054\u548C\u81EA\u8EAB\u5076\u8054\u53CD\u5E94\u3002\u5728\u5076\u8054\u53CD\u5E94\u4E2D\u6709\u4E00\u7C7B\u91CD\u8981\u7684\u53CD\u5E94\uFF0CRM\uFF08R = \u6709\u673A\u7247\u6BB5, M = \u4E3B\u57FA\u56E2\u4E2D\u5FC3\uFF09\u4E0ER'X\u7684\u6709\u673A\u5364\u7D20\u5316\u5408\u7269\u53CD\u5E94\uFF0C\u5F62\u6210\u5177\u6709\u65B0\u78B3-\u78B3\u952E\u7684\u4EA7\u7269R-R'\u3002 \u7531\u4E8E\u5F00\u53D1\u94AF\u50AC\u5316\u5076\u8054\u53CD\u5E94\u7684\u7A81\u51FA\u8D21\u732E\uFF0C\u6839\u5CB8\u82F1\u4E00\u3001\u94C3\u6728\u7AE0\u4E0E\u7406\u67E5\u5FB7\u00B7\u8D6B\u514B\u5171\u540C\u88AB\u6388\u4E88\u4E862010\u5E74\u5EA6\u8BFA\u8D1D\u5C14\u5316\u5B66\u5956\u3002 \u5076\u8054\u53CD\u5E94\u5927\u4F53\u53EF\u5206\u4E3A\u4E24\u79CD\u7C7B\u578B\uFF1A \n* \u4EA4\u53C9\u5076\u8054\u53CD\u5E94\uFF1A\u4E24\u79CD\u4E0D\u540C\u7684\u7247\u6BB5\u8FDE\u63A5\u6210\u4E00\u4E2A\u5206\u5B50\uFF0C\u5982\uFF1A\u6EB4\u82EF (PhBr)\u4E0E\u4E59\u70EF\u5F62\u6210\u82EF\u4E59\u70EF(PhCH=CH2)\u3002 \n* \u81EA\u8EAB\u5076\u8054\u53CD\u5E94\uFF1A\u76F8\u540C\u7684\u4E24\u4E2A\u7247\u6BB5\u5F62\u6210\u4E00\u4E2A\u5206\u5B50\uFF0C\u5982\uFF1A\u7898\u82EF (PhI)\u81EA\u8EAB\u5F62\u6210 \u8054\u82EF (Ph-Ph)\u3002"@zh . . . . "\u0420\u0435\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043E\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F"@ru .