. "Pancho Medrano and others .jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "San Jose Chicano Rights Marches California003.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Mar\u00EDa Ruiz de Burton.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Mexican Repatriation, 1931.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Founding co-editor of La Raza Ruth Robinson with Margarita Sanchez at the Belmont High School walkout, part of a series of 1968 student protests for education reform in LA.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . "1990.0"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . "Jane Snyder at K.K.K. services, 8-9-25 LCCN2016840308.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "History of Mexican Americans"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u2018Dead Mexican Bandits\u2019.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Cesar_chavez_en_huelga_hall_de_colegio_cesar_chavez.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Initial Monument Marking the United States - Mexico Border.png"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "vertical"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "During the Zoot Suit Riots, U.S. Navy sailors beat and stripped over 150 Mexican American boys. The LAPD responded to the violence by arresting over 500 Mexican American teen boys and girls."@en . . . . . . "402275"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "--06-07"^^ . . . . . . . "From 1929 to 1936, around 400,000 Mexicans and Mexican Americans repatriated via trains, boats, and buses, some forcibly."@en . . . . "L'histoire des Mexicano-Am\u00E9ricains, ou histoire des r\u00E9sidents am\u00E9ricains d'origine mexicaine, commence apr\u00E8s l'annexion du Nord du Mexique en 1848, lorsque pr\u00E8s de 80 000 citoyens mexicains des actuels \u00C9tats de Californie, du Nevada, de l'Utah, de l'Arizona, du Colorado et du Nouveau-Mexique sont devenus citoyens am\u00E9ricains. Les migrations \u00E0 grande \u00E9chelle ont augment\u00E9 la population mexicaine des \u00C9tats-Unis au cours des ann\u00E9es 1910, les r\u00E9fugi\u00E9s ayant fui la d\u00E9vastation \u00E9conomique et la violence de la r\u00E9volution et de la guerre civile au Mexique. Jusqu'au milieu du XXe si\u00E8cle, la plupart des Mexicano-Am\u00E9ricains vivaient \u00E0 quelques centaines de kilom\u00E8tres de la fronti\u00E8re, bien que certains se soient r\u00E9install\u00E9s le long des voies ferr\u00E9es du Sud-Ouest vers le Midwest."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . "Bottom: Ra\u00FAl H\u00E9ctor Castro, the Governor of Arizona from 1975-1977."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ben Fernandez for President.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "--07-14"^^ . . . . "1122052407"^^ . . . . "Hundreds of Mexicans at a Los Angeles train station awaiting deportation.jpg"@en . . . . "Histoire des Mexicano-Am\u00E9ricains"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "LA Riots - aftermath .jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "El Argil. Transport during Repatriation.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "La historia de los mexicoamericanos, residentes estadounidenses de ascendencia mexicana, comienza en gran parte despu\u00E9s de la anexi\u00F3n del norte de M\u00E9xico por parte de Estados Unidos en 1848. Los casi 80 000 ciudadanos mexicanos residentes en California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado y Nuevo M\u00E9xico se convirtieron en ciudadanos estadounidenses.\u200B\u200B Durante la d\u00E9cada de 1910, la migraci\u00F3n masiva aument\u00F3 la poblaci\u00F3n mexicana en Estados Unidos, debido al gran n\u00FAmero de personas que huy\u00F3 de la devastaci\u00F3n econ\u00F3mica y la violencia producidas en el marco de la revoluci\u00F3n.\u200B\u200B Hasta mediados del siglo XX, la mayor\u00EDa de los mexicoamericanos viv\u00EDa a unos pocos cientos de millas de la frontera, aunque algunos se asentaron a lo largo de las l\u00EDneas ferroviarias desde el suroeste hasta el medio oeste.\u200B En la segunda mitad del siglo XX, los mexicoamericanos se difundieron por todo Estados Unidos, especialmente en el Medio Oeste y el Sudeste,\u200B\u200B aunque los centros de poblaci\u00F3n m\u00E1s grandes de los grupos permanecen en California y Texas.\u200B Durante este per\u00EDodo, muchos mexicano-estadounidenses desarrollaron acciones por el derecho al voto, la equidad educativa y laboral, la igualdad \u00E9tnica y el avance econ\u00F3mico y social.\u200B Sin embargo, al mismo tiempo, otros grupos de mexicoamericanos lucharon por consolidar y conservar la identidad de su comunidad. En las d\u00E9cadas de 1960 y 1970, las organizaciones de estudiantes en el Movimiento chicano desarrollaron ideolog\u00EDas de nacionalismo propio, destacando la discriminaci\u00F3n estadounidense contra los mexicoamericanos y enfatizando los fracasos generales de una sociedad culturalmente pluralista.\u200B Identific\u00E1ndose con los conceptos de La Raza, los activistas chicanos buscaron afirmar el car\u00E1cter distintivo racial y el estatus de clase trabajadora de los mexicoamericanos, crear un movimiento pro-barrio y afirmar que \"el marr\u00F3n es hermoso\" (\"Brown is beautiful\").\u200B Con su incitaci\u00F3n tanto en contra de la asimilaci\u00F3n \u00E9tnica como del maltrato de los trabajadores de bajos salarios, el Movimiento Chicano fue la primera movilizaci\u00F3n a gran escala del activismo mexicoamericano en la historia de Estados Unidos.\u200B"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "y"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "350"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ku Klux Klan marching down Pennsylvania Ave., Washington, D.C"@en . . . . . . . . . "Mexican American history, or the history of American residents of Mexican descent, largely begins after the annexation of Northern Mexico in 1848, when the nearly 80,000 Mexican citizens of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico became U.S. citizens. Large-scale migration increased the U.S.' Mexican population during the 1910s, as refugees fled the economic devastation and violence of Mexico's high-casualty revolution and civil war. Until the mid-20th century, most Mexican Americans lived within a few hundred miles of the border, although some resettled along rail lines from the Southwest into the Midwest. In the second half of the 20th century, Mexican Americans diffused throughout the U.S., especially into the Midwest and Southeast, though the groups' largest population centers remain in California and Texas. During this period, Mexican-Americans campaigned for voting rights, educational and employment equity, ethnic equality, and economic and social advancement."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Mexicans returning home by train.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Raul_Hector_Castro.jpg"@en . . . . . . . "1940.0"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Lynching of Francisco Arias and Jos\u00E9 Chamales.jpg"@en . . . . . . . "May Day Immigration March LA74.jpg"@en . . . . . . . "Jane Snyder at KKK services"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "2"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1560218"^^ . . "Surenos tag.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "y"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"Zoot suiters lined up outside Los Angeles jail en route to court after feud with sailors.tif"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "38"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "Ku Klux Klan marching down Pennsylvania Ave., Washington, D.C LCCN2016888117.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064A\u0643\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u064A\u0643\u064A\u064A\u0646"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Top: The Brown Berets, a pro-Chicano organization which revolved around farm worker's struggles, educational reform, and anti-war activism."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Mexican American history, or the history of American residents of Mexican descent, largely begins after the annexation of Northern Mexico in 1848, when the nearly 80,000 Mexican citizens of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico became U.S. citizens. Large-scale migration increased the U.S.' Mexican population during the 1910s, as refugees fled the economic devastation and violence of Mexico's high-casualty revolution and civil war. Until the mid-20th century, most Mexican Americans lived within a few hundred miles of the border, although some resettled along rail lines from the Southwest into the Midwest."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The Ku Klux Klan reached several million members and attained mainstream status in white America in the 1920s. This terrorist organization believed Mexican Americans represented a \"threat\" to the \"purity\" of the United States."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Dora Barrios, Frances Silva, and Lorena Encinas.png"@en . . . . . "y"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La historia de los mexicoamericanos, residentes estadounidenses de ascendencia mexicana, comienza en gran parte despu\u00E9s de la anexi\u00F3n del norte de M\u00E9xico por parte de Estados Unidos en 1848. Los casi 80 000 ciudadanos mexicanos residentes en California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado y Nuevo M\u00E9xico se convirtieron en ciudadanos estadounidenses.\u200B\u200B Durante la d\u00E9cada de 1910, la migraci\u00F3n masiva aument\u00F3 la poblaci\u00F3n mexicana en Estados Unidos, debido al gran n\u00FAmero de personas que huy\u00F3 de la devastaci\u00F3n econ\u00F3mica y la violencia producidas en el marco de la revoluci\u00F3n.\u200B\u200B Hasta mediados del siglo XX, la mayor\u00EDa de los mexicoamericanos viv\u00EDa a unos pocos cientos de millas de la frontera, aunque algunos se asentaron a lo largo de las l\u00EDneas ferroviarias desde el suroeste hasta el medio oeste.\u200B"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Left-right from top: first female Mexican American author in English Mar\u00EDa Ruiz de Burton, 1887 picture of the initial boundary marking the U.S.-Mexico border, Texas Rangers during the 1910-1920 La Matanza, 1877 lynching of two Mexican-American men in California, civil rights leader Cesar Chavez, the Mexican Repatriation, the Great American Boycott, first Mexican American to run for President Ben Fernandez"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Brown Berets.png"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Historia de los mexicoamericanos"@es . . 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"KKK Services LCCN2016850801.jpg"@en . . . "L'histoire des Mexicano-Am\u00E9ricains, ou histoire des r\u00E9sidents am\u00E9ricains d'origine mexicaine, commence apr\u00E8s l'annexion du Nord du Mexique en 1848, lorsque pr\u00E8s de 80 000 citoyens mexicains des actuels \u00C9tats de Californie, du Nevada, de l'Utah, de l'Arizona, du Colorado et du Nouveau-Mexique sont devenus citoyens am\u00E9ricains. Les migrations \u00E0 grande \u00E9chelle ont augment\u00E9 la population mexicaine des \u00C9tats-Unis au cours des ann\u00E9es 1910, les r\u00E9fugi\u00E9s ayant fui la d\u00E9vastation \u00E9conomique et la violence de la r\u00E9volution et de la guerre civile au Mexique. Jusqu'au milieu du XXe si\u00E8cle, la plupart des Mexicano-Am\u00E9ricains vivaient \u00E0 quelques centaines de kilom\u00E8tres de la fronti\u00E8re, bien que certains se soient r\u00E9install\u00E9s le long des voies ferr\u00E9es du Sud-Ouest vers le Midwest. Dans la seconde moiti\u00E9 du XXe si\u00E8cle, les Mexicano-Am\u00E9ricains se sont r\u00E9pandus \u00E0 travers les \u00C9tats-Unis, en particulier dans le Midwest et le Sud-Est, bien que les plus grands centres de population des groupes restent en Californie et au Texas. Pendant cette p\u00E9riode, les Mexicano-Am\u00E9ricains ont fait campagne pour le droit de vote, l'\u00E9quit\u00E9 en mati\u00E8re d'\u00E9ducation et d'emploi, l'\u00E9galit\u00E9 ethnique et l'avancement \u00E9conomique et social. Dans les ann\u00E9es 1960 et 1970, les organisations \u00E9tudiantes chicano ont d\u00E9velopp\u00E9 des id\u00E9ologies du nationalisme chicano, mettant en \u00E9vidence la discrimination am\u00E9ricaine contre les Mexicano-Am\u00E9ricains et soulignant les \u00E9checs globaux d'une soci\u00E9t\u00E9 culturellement pluraliste. S'appelant eux-m\u00EAmes La Raza, les militants chicano ont cherch\u00E9 \u00E0 affirmer la sp\u00E9cificit\u00E9 raciale et le statut de classe ouvri\u00E8re des Mexicano-Am\u00E9ricains, \u00E0 cr\u00E9er un mouvement pro-barrio et \u00E0 affirmer que \u00AB le brun est beau \u00BB. Protestant \u00E0 la fois contre l'assimilation ethnique et les mauvais traitement envers la classe prol\u00E9tarienne, le mouvement Chicano a \u00E9t\u00E9 la premi\u00E8re mobilisation \u00E0 grande \u00E9chelle de l'activisme mexicano-am\u00E9ricain dans l'histoire des \u00C9tats-Unis."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Los Angeles Riots, 1992 .jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "51"^^ . . . . . . . . . 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