. . . . . . . . . . . "22421202"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "An Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) is an operational definition used to classify groups of closely related individuals. The term was originally introduced in 1963 by and Robert R. Sokal and Peter H. A. Sneath in the context of numerical taxonomy, where an \"Operational Taxonomic Unit\" is simply the group of organisms currently being studied. In this sense, an OTU is a pragmatic definition to group individuals by similarity, equivalent to but not necessarily in line with classical Linnaean taxonomy or modern evolutionary taxonomy."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Operational taxonomic unit"@en . . . "OTU (Operational Taxonomic Unit)\u306F\u3001\u8FD1\u7E01\u306A\u500B\u4F53\u3092\u3072\u3068\u307E\u3068\u3081\u306B\u5206\u985E\u3059\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306E\u64CD\u4F5C\u4E0A\u306E\u5358\u4F4D\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u3053\u306E\u7528\u8A9E\u306F\u30011963\u5E74\u306BRobert R. Sokal\u3068Peter H. A. Sneath\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5C0E\u5165\u3055\u308C\u3001\u3053\u306E\u6642\u70B9\u3067\u306FOTU\u306F\u5358\u306B\u7814\u7A76\u306E\u5BFE\u8C61\u3068\u306A\u308B\u751F\u7269\u306E\u30B0\u30EB\u30FC\u30D7\u3092\u610F\u5473\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u3053\u306E\u610F\u5473\u3067\u3001OTU\u306F\u751F\u7269\u3092\u500B\u4F53\u306E\u985E\u4F3C\u6027\u306B\u57FA\u3065\u3044\u3066\u5206\u985E\u3059\u308B\u5B9F\u7528\u7684\u306A\u5B9A\u7FA9\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u53E4\u5178\u7684\u306A\u30EA\u30F3\u30CD\u5F0F\u5206\u985E\u6CD5\u3084\u73FE\u4EE3\u7684\u306A\u9032\u5316\u5206\u985E\u6CD5\u3068\u540C\u7B49\u3060\u304C\u3001\u5FC5\u305A\u3057\u3082\u4E00\u81F4\u3059\u308B\u3068\u306F\u9650\u3089\u306A\u3044\u3002 \u3057\u304B\u3057\u3001\u4ECA\u65E5\u3067\u306FOTU\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7528\u8A9E\u306F\u4E00\u822C\u306B\u7570\u306A\u308B\u4F7F\u308F\u308C\u65B9\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u3053\u306E\u6587\u8108\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308BOTU\u306F\u5143\u3005mOTU (molecular OTU) \u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u3066\u3044\u305F\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3001\u7279\u5B9A\u306E\u30DE\u30FC\u30AB\u30FC\u907A\u4F1D\u5B50\u306EDNA\u914D\u5217\u985E\u4F3C\u6027\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u307E\u3068\u3081\u3089\u308C\u308B\u4E00\u7FA4\u306E\u751F\u7269\u7A2E\u306E\u96C6\u5408\u3092\u610F\u5473\u3057\u3001\u3053\u306E\u751F\u7269\u306E\u5206\u985E\u7FA4\u306B\u542B\u307E\u308C\u308B\u751F\u7269\u306F\u672A\u57F9\u990A\u3084\u672A\u77E5\u306E\u3082\u306E\u3092\u542B\u3080\u3002\u8A00\u3044\u63DB\u3048\u308C\u3070\u3001OTU\u306F\u3001\u76EE\u8996\u53EF\u80FD\u306A\u751F\u7269\u306B\u5229\u7528\u3067\u304D\u308B\u3088\u3046\u306A\u751F\u7269\u5B66\u7684\u5206\u985E\u304C\u884C\u3048\u306A\u3044\u5834\u5408\u306B\u3001\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u306A\u3069\u3092\u5206\u985E\u3059\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308C\u308B\u5404\u7A2E\u5206\u985E\u5B66\u7684\u30EC\u30D9\u30EB\u3067\u306E\u300C\u7A2E\u300D\u306E\u5B9F\u7528\u7684\u306A\u4EE3\u7528\u54C1\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3068\u8A00\u3048\u308B\u3002\u8FD1\u5E74\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066OTU\u306F\u6700\u3082\u4E00\u822C\u7684\u306A\u591A\u69D8\u6027\u306E\u5358\u4F4D\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u7279\u306B16S \uFF08\u539F\u6838\u751F\u7269\u306E\u5834\u5408\uFF09\u307E\u305F\u306F \uFF08\u771F\u6838\u751F\u7269\u306E\u5834\u5408 \uFF09\u907A\u4F1D\u5B50\u914D\u5217\u306E\u30C7\u30FC\u30BF\u30BB\u30C3\u30C8\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308B\u5834\u5408\u306B\u591A\u7528\u3055\u308C\u3066\u304D\u305F\u3002 DNA\u914D\u5217\u306F\u4ED6\u306EDNA\u914D\u5217\u3068\u4E92\u3044\u306E\u985E\u4F3C\u6027\u306B\u57FA\u3065\u3044\u3066\u30AF\u30E9\u30B9\u30BF\u30EA\u30F3\u30B0\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u3067\u304D\u308B\u3002OTU\u306F\u500B\u3005\u306E\u7814\u7A76\u8005\u304C\u8A2D\u5B9A\u3059\u308B\u985E\u4F3C\u6027\u306E\u95BE\u5024\u306B\u5FDC\u3058\u3066\u5B9A\u7FA9\u3055\u308C\u3001\u4E00\u822C\u306B\u306F97\uFF05\u306E\u985E\u4F3C\u5EA6\u3092\u793A\u3059\u914D\u5217\u304C\u540C\u4E00\u306EOTU\u306B\u5C5E\u3059\u308B\u3082\u306E\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6271\u308F\u308C\u308B\u3002\u305F\u3060\u3057\u3001100\uFF05\u4E00\u81F4\u3059\u308B\u914D\u5217\u306E\u307F\u3092\u540C\u4E00\u306E\u3082\u306E\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6271\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308A\u3001\u3053\u308C\u306F\u3068\u3082\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3002\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u7A2E\u306E\u7CFB\u7D71\u3084\u751F\u614B\u3092\u3001\u4E00\u822C\u7684\u306B\u4F7F\u7528\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3053\u306E\u65B9\u6CD5\u304C\u3069\u308C\u3060\u3051\u3046\u307E\u304F\u518D\u73FE\u3059\u308B\u304B\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306F\u8B70\u8AD6\u306E\u4F59\u5730\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002OTU\u306F\u3001\u7570\u306A\u308B\u30A2\u30EB\u30B4\u30EA\u30BA\u30E0\u307E\u305F\u306F\u3057\u304D\u3044\u5024\u3092\u4F7F\u7528\u3059\u308B\u8907\u6570\u306E\u65B9\u6CD5\u3067\u5F97\u3089\u308C\u308B\u304C\u3001Schmidt\u3089 (2014) \u306B\u3088\u308B\u6700\u8FD1\u306E\u7814\u7A76\u306B\u3088\u308B\u3068\u3001\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u306EOTU\u306F\u4E00\u822C\u306B\u3001\u751F\u606F\u74B0\u5883\u3084OTU\u306E\u53D6\u5F97\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u30AF\u30E9\u30B9\u30BF\u30EA\u30F3\u30B0\u624B\u6CD5\u306B\u3088\u3089\u305A\u3001\u751F\u614B\u3092\u77DB\u76FE\u306A\u304F\u53CD\u6620\u3059\u308B\u3068\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002\u306A\u304A\u3001OTU\u306E\u6570\u306FDNA\u30B7\u30FC\u30B1\u30F3\u30B7\u30F3\u30B0\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u30A8\u30E9\u30FC\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u904E\u5270\u306B\u898B\u7A4D\u3082\u3089\u308C\u308B\u53EF\u80FD\u6027\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . "En los an\u00E1lisis filogen\u00E9ticos, una unidad taxon\u00F3mica operativa (UTO), tambi\u00E9n conocida por la sigla OTU \u2014del ingl\u00E9s Operational Taxonomic Unit\u2014 es una unidad de clasificaci\u00F3n seleccionada por el investigador que la utiliza para individualizar a objetos de su estudio, ya sea una especie\u200B u otro tax\u00F3n de cualquier categor\u00EDa,\u200B\u200B una morfoespecie, una poblaci\u00F3n, y hasta un individuo, y de este modo poder ordenarlos en una clasificaci\u00F3n y en la construcci\u00F3n de un \u00E1rbol filogen\u00E9tico, sin juzgar si se corresponden a una entidad biol\u00F3gica particular.\u200B\u200B\u200B"@es . "En biologie, une Unit\u00E9 Taxonomique Op\u00E9rationnelle (abr\u00E9g\u00E9e en OTU, d'apr\u00E8s l'anglais Operational Taxonomic Unit), est une d\u00E9finition op\u00E9rationnelle utilis\u00E9e pour regrouper des individus phylog\u00E9n\u00E9tiquement proches."@fr . . . . . "OTU (Operational Taxonomic Unit)\u306F\u3001\u8FD1\u7E01\u306A\u500B\u4F53\u3092\u3072\u3068\u307E\u3068\u3081\u306B\u5206\u985E\u3059\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306E\u64CD\u4F5C\u4E0A\u306E\u5358\u4F4D\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u3053\u306E\u7528\u8A9E\u306F\u30011963\u5E74\u306BRobert R. Sokal\u3068Peter H. A. Sneath\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5C0E\u5165\u3055\u308C\u3001\u3053\u306E\u6642\u70B9\u3067\u306FOTU\u306F\u5358\u306B\u7814\u7A76\u306E\u5BFE\u8C61\u3068\u306A\u308B\u751F\u7269\u306E\u30B0\u30EB\u30FC\u30D7\u3092\u610F\u5473\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u3053\u306E\u610F\u5473\u3067\u3001OTU\u306F\u751F\u7269\u3092\u500B\u4F53\u306E\u985E\u4F3C\u6027\u306B\u57FA\u3065\u3044\u3066\u5206\u985E\u3059\u308B\u5B9F\u7528\u7684\u306A\u5B9A\u7FA9\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u53E4\u5178\u7684\u306A\u30EA\u30F3\u30CD\u5F0F\u5206\u985E\u6CD5\u3084\u73FE\u4EE3\u7684\u306A\u9032\u5316\u5206\u985E\u6CD5\u3068\u540C\u7B49\u3060\u304C\u3001\u5FC5\u305A\u3057\u3082\u4E00\u81F4\u3059\u308B\u3068\u306F\u9650\u3089\u306A\u3044\u3002 \u3057\u304B\u3057\u3001\u4ECA\u65E5\u3067\u306FOTU\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7528\u8A9E\u306F\u4E00\u822C\u306B\u7570\u306A\u308B\u4F7F\u308F\u308C\u65B9\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u3053\u306E\u6587\u8108\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308BOTU\u306F\u5143\u3005mOTU (molecular OTU) \u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u3066\u3044\u305F\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3001\u7279\u5B9A\u306E\u30DE\u30FC\u30AB\u30FC\u907A\u4F1D\u5B50\u306EDNA\u914D\u5217\u985E\u4F3C\u6027\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u307E\u3068\u3081\u3089\u308C\u308B\u4E00\u7FA4\u306E\u751F\u7269\u7A2E\u306E\u96C6\u5408\u3092\u610F\u5473\u3057\u3001\u3053\u306E\u751F\u7269\u306E\u5206\u985E\u7FA4\u306B\u542B\u307E\u308C\u308B\u751F\u7269\u306F\u672A\u57F9\u990A\u3084\u672A\u77E5\u306E\u3082\u306E\u3092\u542B\u3080\u3002\u8A00\u3044\u63DB\u3048\u308C\u3070\u3001OTU\u306F\u3001\u76EE\u8996\u53EF\u80FD\u306A\u751F\u7269\u306B\u5229\u7528\u3067\u304D\u308B\u3088\u3046\u306A\u751F\u7269\u5B66\u7684\u5206\u985E\u304C\u884C\u3048\u306A\u3044\u5834\u5408\u306B\u3001\u5FAE\u751F\u7269\u306A\u3069\u3092\u5206\u985E\u3059\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308C\u308B\u5404\u7A2E\u5206\u985E\u5B66\u7684\u30EC\u30D9\u30EB\u3067\u306E\u300C\u7A2E\u300D\u306E\u5B9F\u7528\u7684\u306A\u4EE3\u7528\u54C1\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3068\u8A00\u3048\u308B\u3002\u8FD1\u5E74\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066OTU\u306F\u6700\u3082\u4E00\u822C\u7684\u306A\u591A\u69D8\u6027\u306E\u5358\u4F4D\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u7279\u306B16S \uFF08\u539F\u6838\u751F\u7269\u306E\u5834\u5408\uFF09\u307E\u305F\u306F \uFF08\u771F\u6838\u751F\u7269\u306E\u5834\u5408 \uFF09\u907A\u4F1D\u5B50\u914D\u5217\u306E\u30C7\u30FC\u30BF\u30BB\u30C3\u30C8\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308B\u5834\u5408\u306B\u591A\u7528\u3055\u308C\u3066\u304D\u305F\u3002"@ja . . . . "OTU"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Unit\u00E9 taxonomique op\u00E9rationnelle"@fr . "En los an\u00E1lisis filogen\u00E9ticos, una unidad taxon\u00F3mica operativa (UTO), tambi\u00E9n conocida por la sigla OTU \u2014del ingl\u00E9s Operational Taxonomic Unit\u2014 es una unidad de clasificaci\u00F3n seleccionada por el investigador que la utiliza para individualizar a objetos de su estudio, ya sea una especie\u200B u otro tax\u00F3n de cualquier categor\u00EDa,\u200B\u200B una morfoespecie, una poblaci\u00F3n, y hasta un individuo, y de este modo poder ordenarlos en una clasificaci\u00F3n y en la construcci\u00F3n de un \u00E1rbol filogen\u00E9tico, sin juzgar si se corresponden a una entidad biol\u00F3gica particular.\u200B\u200B\u200B Suele ser aplicado cuando est\u00E1n disponibles datos de secuencias de ADN,\u200B o \u00FAnicamente sus rasgos morfol\u00F3gicos.\u200B Es empleado tanto en taxonom\u00EDa zool\u00F3gica como bot\u00E1nica\u200B para aproximarse a la sistem\u00E1tica de un grupo que presenta indicios de diversidad cr\u00EDptica o subestimada,\u200B\u200B para taxones que poseen un amplio rango de variaci\u00F3n morfol\u00F3gica, con l\u00EDmites frecuentemente sobrepuestos, en los que es muy dif\u00EDcil establecer caracteres diagn\u00F3sticos para delimitar sus componentes,\u200B as\u00ED como en g\u00E9neros en donde las especies hibridan abundantemente, generando individuos o poblaciones con caracter\u00EDsticas intermedias.\u200B Es una unidad muy utilizada en la investigaci\u00F3n de la diversidad microbiana\u200B\u200B y en cepas bacterianas.\u200B El n\u00FAmero definido de OTU puede resultar sobrestimado debido a errores en la secuenciaci\u00F3n del ADN.\u200B Tambi\u00E9n tiene una aplicaci\u00F3n en taxonom\u00EDa de la escuela escuela fen\u00E9tica, la cual hace base en la diferenciaci\u00F3n morfol\u00F3gica observable entre los taxones sin tener en cuenta la posible relaci\u00F3n filogen\u00E9tica en virtud del conocimiento incompleto que sobre la real evoluci\u00F3n de los organismos esta presentar\u00EDa.\u200B\u200B\u200B"@es . . "6788"^^ . . . . "1117614054"^^ . "An Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) is an operational definition used to classify groups of closely related individuals. The term was originally introduced in 1963 by and Robert R. Sokal and Peter H. A. Sneath in the context of numerical taxonomy, where an \"Operational Taxonomic Unit\" is simply the group of organisms currently being studied. In this sense, an OTU is a pragmatic definition to group individuals by similarity, equivalent to but not necessarily in line with classical Linnaean taxonomy or modern evolutionary taxonomy. Nowadays, however, the term \"OTU\" is commonly used in a different context and refers to clusters of (uncultivated or unknown) organisms, grouped by DNA sequence similarity of a specific taxonomic marker gene (originally coined as mOTU; molecular OTU). In other words, OTUs are pragmatic proxies for \"species\" (microbial or metazoan) at different taxonomic levels, in the absence of traditional systems of biological classification as are available for macroscopic organisms. For several years, OTUs have been the most commonly used units of diversity, especially when analysing small subunit 16S (for prokaryotes) or 18S rRNA (for eukaryotes) marker gene sequence datasets. Sequences can be clustered according to their similarity to one another, and operational taxonomic units are defined based on the similarity threshold (usually 97% similarity; however also 100% similarity is common, also known as single variants) set by the researcher. It remains debatable how well this commonly-used method recapitulates true microbial species phylogeny or ecology. Although OTUs can be calculated differently when using different algorithms or thresholds, recent research by Schmidt et al. (2014) demonstrated that microbial OTUs were generally ecologically consistent across habitats and several OTU clustering approaches. The number of OTUs defined may be inflated due to errors in DNA sequencing."@en . . . . . . "Unidad taxon\u00F3mica operativa"@es . . . . . . . . . . "En biologie, une Unit\u00E9 Taxonomique Op\u00E9rationnelle (abr\u00E9g\u00E9e en OTU, d'apr\u00E8s l'anglais Operational Taxonomic Unit), est une d\u00E9finition op\u00E9rationnelle utilis\u00E9e pour regrouper des individus phylog\u00E9n\u00E9tiquement proches."@fr . . . . . . . . . .